Barriers and facilitators to skin hygiene care and emollient use in residential care homes: Instrument design and survey

Introduction The older person care home population is increasing. As skin ages it becomes vulnerable to dryness, itching, cracks and tears. These are experienced by most older people, they impair quality of life and can lead skin breakdown, increased dependency, hospital stays and greater financial and human costs. Dryness, itching, cracks and tears can be prevented, but despite best practice guidance, concordance is sub-optimal. Our aims were to: i) Develop and test a theory-based diagnostic instrument to accurately and prospectively assess barriers and facilitators and ii) survey barriers and facilitators to care home staff in the delivery of skin hygiene care. Methods Instrument development and survey. Barriers and facilitators identified from literature and pilot study were categorised in a Delphi survey of experts (n=8) to the Theoretical Domains Framework. This model was tested in three rounds for face validity (n=38), construct validity (n=235) and test-retest reliability (n=11). Barriers and facilitators were surveyed in round 2 and reported in accordance with TRIPOD Results A 29-item valid and reliable instrument (SHELL-CH) resulted (?2/df=1.539, RMSEA=0.047, CFA=0.872). Key barriers were delivering skin hygiene care to agitated or confused residents, pressure to rush or engage in other tasks from colleagues, being busy and the unrealistic expectations of relatives. Knowledge of skin hygiene care was a facilitator. Conclusion This study has international significance having identified barriers and facilitators to skin hygiene care including barriers previously unreported.