@article{3114628066cc4cfabd1e41a7f48dbdb1,
title = "Enhancing anaerobic digestion of wild seaweed Gracilaria verrucosa by co-digestion with tofu dregs and washing pre-treatment",
keywords = "anaerobic co-digestion; co-metabolism; marine macroalgae; synergistic effect; wild Gracilaria verrucosa",
author = "Sri Suhartini and Indah, {Salsabila Harisma} and Rahman, {Farid Abdul} and Rohma, {Novita Ainur} and Rahmah, {Nur Lailatul} and Irnia Nurika and Nur Hidayat and Lynsey Melville",
note = "Funding Information: One of the larger agro-industrial industries in Indonesia is the tofu processing industry. There are approximately 84,000 SME tofu processors in Indonesia and these are distributed in clusters within multiple cities across the country []. These tofu industries consumed an estimated 2.56 million tonnes of soybean per year with aproximately 1.024 million tonnes (or 40%) of tofu dregs (TD) produced as a waste product []. However, many of these industries have ongoing challenges with managing the wastewater and solid waste (i.e. TD) from processing due to inadequate or absent on-site waste treatment facilities. Li et al. [] found that the main component of TD is polysacharides from the cell membrane of soybean, with a protein value of 27% (total solids/TS). They added that the elemental composition of TD was as follows: H of 6.99%, C of 46.34%, N of 3.99%, and S 0.25% (on a TS basis). Mateos-Aparicio et al. [] added that TD contains protein (33.4%TS), crude fat (8.5%TS), crude fiber (54.3%TS), and ash (3.7%TS). The TD has been used for cattle feedstock, culture medium for single protein production []; and biogas production []. Furthermore, the Indonesian government supports the creation of sustainable agroindustry through waste to bioenergy approach. For example, in 2011, the Indonesian government through the Agency for the Assessment and Application of Technology (BPPT) has successfully implemented seven pilot-scale anaerobic digestion plants treating wastewater from the 183 tofu industries located in Banyuwangi City. The project was under the Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Partnership (REEEP) grant funded by the UK Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC), which aimed to plan and provide policy support for biogas production from the Indonesian tofu industry. It is estimated that the application of this technology can substitute 56,000 tonnes of fossil fuels with biogas from tofu wastewater [, ]. Choe et al. [] added that TD is an inexpensive and highly available biomass resources with excellent nutrient composition (i.e. high in carbohydrates and protein) and minerals (i.e. K, Ca, and Mg), which promotes the growth and the reproduction of microorganisms. Furthermore, Song et al. [] reported that addition of tofu residue as a co-substrate in anaerobic digestion of food waste and garden waste influence the enrichment of methanogen bacteria, especially methanosarcina. Therefore, considering the TD characteristics, composition, and availability, there is good opportunity to utilise it as feedstock for biogas production. Funding Information: The authors would like to thank Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education for the research funding provided through Penelitian Dasar Multi Tahun (Multi Year Basic Research) Scheme 2019–2021 (Grant Number 7/E/KPT/2019 and Contract Number 330.1/UN10.C10/PN/2019). Funding Information: The authors would like to thank British Council for the international research collaboration with Birmingham City University through the Newton Fund Institutional Link Scheme 2019–2020. Greatly thanks to Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Brawijaya, for in-kind contributions to support this research. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2022, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.",
year = "2022",
month = mar,
day = "5",
doi = "10.1007/s13399-022-02507-z",
language = "English",
journal = "Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery",
issn = "2190-6815",
publisher = "Springer",
}