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Global investments in pandemic preparedness and COVID-19: development assistance and domestic spending on health between 1990 and 2026

  • Global Burden of Disease 2021 Health Financing Collaborator Network
    • University of Washington
    • University of Oxford
    • University of Rome La Sapienza
    • Antai College of Economics and Management
    • Tehran University of Medical Sciences
    • Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
    • Marshall University
    • University of Dohuk
    • University of Southern California
    • Near East University
    • Madda Walabu University
    • Sree Narayana Guru College Chelannur
    • University of Health and Allied Sciences
    • Karolinska Institutet
    • Philippine Institute for Development Studies
    • University of Human Development
    • University of Sharjah
    • Bahar Dar University
    • University of Management and Technology
    • Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences
    • COMSATS University Islamabad
    • University of Kurdistan Hewler
    • Jenderal Soedirman University
    • Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
    • Debre Markos University
    • Hamad Medical Corporation
    • Murdoch University
    • Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
    • King Abdulaziz University
    • Kuwait University
    • Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
    • College of Medicine Alfaisal University
    • Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
    • Universidad de la Costa
    • Universidad de Cartagena
    • National Institute of Health
    • University of Adelaide
    • Lingnan University
    • Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
    • Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy
    • The Bucharest University of Economic Studies
    • Gadjah Mada University
    • Berekum College of Education
    • Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
    • Foundation University Medical College
    • Iran University of Medical Sciences
    • Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences
    • University of Cape Town
    • Zanjan University of Medical Sciences
    • Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica
    • Centre for Health Policy Advocacy Innovation & Research in Africa (CHPAIR-Africa)
    • The University of Lahore
    • Adigrat University
    • University of the Gambia
    • Ministry of Health
    • All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur
    • Harvard University
    • Imperial College London
    • Philadelphia University
    • University of Münster
    • University of Melbourne
    • Corvinus University of Budapest
    • Hungarian Competition Authority
    • NSW Brain Clot Bank
    • South West Sydney Local Heath District and Liverpool Hospital
    • University of the Witwatersrand
    • School of Business Administration
    • Egas Moniz - Cooperative of Higher Education, CRL
    • University of Florida
    • Ohio State University
    • Technical University of Berlin
    • Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia
    • Escuela Nacional de Sanidad
    • University of Ottawa
    • World Bank
    • Heidelberg University 
    • Datta Meghe Institute of Medical Sciences
    • Saveetha University
    • Federal Medical Centre
    • Western Norway University of Applied Sciences
    • University of Bergen
    • Public Health Foundation of India
    • Indian Council of Medical Research
    • Ardabil University of Medical Sciences
    • Salale University
    • University of Peradeniya
    • Duy Tan University
    • Hospital Alemão Oswaldo Cruz
    • Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
    • University of Windsor
    • Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
    • Mansoura University
    • Alexandria University
    • Haramaya University
    • Semnan University of Medical Sciences
    • University of Ibadan
    • University of St Andrews
    • University of the Philippines
    • Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education
    • Chinese University of Hong Kong
    • Wollega University
    • Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin
    • NAMS - Chebotarev Institute of Gerontology
    • Centre for African Newborn Health and Nutrition
    • University of Porto
    • Center for Health Technology and Services Research (CINTESIS)
    • Kobe University
    • Semmelweis University
    • Sapientia Hungarian University of Transylvania
    • National Center for Disease Control and Public Health
    • Universidad Autónoma de Chile
    • Wollo University
    • Jimma University Ethiopia
    • Qazvin University of Medical Sciences
    • Indian Institute of Public Health Gandhinagar
    • University of Bologna
    • Debre Tabor University
    • Salale University
    • Case Western Reserve University
    • Torrens University Australia
    • Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University
    • Universitas Syiah Kuala
    • University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
    • Xi'an Jiaotong University
    • London South Bank University
    • Taiz University
    • Nankai University
    • The University of Tokyo
    • University of KwaZulu-Natal
    • Manipal Academy of Higher Education
    • University of Sydney
    • National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici
    • Masaryk University
    • Université du Burundi
    • ARNECH Research and Consulting Office
    • MAHSA University
    • University of Catania
    • Padmashree Dr. D.Y. Patil University
    • Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University
    • Hosei University
    • Hamedan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
    • Boston University
    • Ministry of Health, Oman
    • Flinders University
    • University of Opole
    • University of Tartu
    • Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences
    • Public Health Wales
    • University of Salahaddin
    • Gonabad University of Medical Sciences
    • Prasanna School of Public Health
    • Maastricht University
    • Sydney Hospital and Sydney Eye Hospital
    • Nab’a Al-Hayat Foundation for Medical Sciences and Health Care
    • Global Smile Foundation
    • Hofstra University
    • University of Maryland, Baltimore
    • Utrecht University
    • Alborz University of Medical Sciences
    • The George Institute for Global Health
    • University of New South Wales
    • Mardin Artuklu University
    • Jordan University of Science and Technology
    • Amity University, Noida
    • Gondar University
    • Ewha Womans University
    • Korea University
    • Sungkyunkwan University
    • Ministry of Health and Welfare
    • Xiamen University Malaysia
    • Kristiania University College
    • Tulane University
    • Kasturba Medical College
    • Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red
    • ICREA
    • Panjab University
    • City, University of London
    • University of Indonesia
    • NEVES Society for Patient Safety
    • European University Cyprus
    • Uppsala University
    • Gachon University
    • Monash University Malaysia
    • Taylor's University Malaysia
    • University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston
    • University of Malaya
    • Syreon Research Romania
    • George Emil Palade University of Medicine, Pharmacy, Science and Technology of Targu Mures
    • Yazd University
    • Ministry of Health & Population
    • Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
    • University of Milan - Bicocca
    • IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano - Milano
    • Mayor University
    • Universidad de Concepción
    • Kerman University of Medical Sciences
    • Central University of Kerala
    • Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Unit
    • University of Vlora
    • University of Crete
    • University of Helsinki
    • Menoufia University
    • University North
    • Kyrgyz State Medical Academy
    • National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease
    • Federal Ministry of Health, Ethiopia
    • Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
    • Urmia University of Medical Sciences
    • Ethiopian Public Health Institute
    • University of Naples Federico II
    • Islamic Azad University
    • Lebanese French University
    • Ahmadu Bello University
    • IRCCS Ospedale Infantile Burlo Garofolo - Trieste
    • The London School of Economics and Political Science
    • Stanford University
    • Mekelle University
    • Research and Analytics Department
    • Bioinsilico Technologies
    • Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
    • Kursk State Medical University
    • Suraj Eye Institute
    • University of Reading
    • Makerere University
    • Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University
    • University of Benin
    • Benson Idahosa University
    • University of Bucharest
    • University of Nigeria
    • Results for Development Institute
    • Kyung Hee University
    • University of the Western Cape
    • McMaster University
    • University of Lagos
    • National AIDS Control Committee
    • Lira District Local Government
    • Higher School of Economics
    • Hungarian Health Management Association
    • Babes-Bolyai University
    • Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation
    • George Mason University
    • MercyOne North Iowa Medical Center
    • University of Edinburgh
    • University of Leeds
    • Murdoch Children's Research Institute
    • Nepal Health Research Council
    • Tribhuvan University
    • Vanderbilt University
    • Yale University
    • University of Bahrain
    • Yadava College
    • Annai Fathima College of Arts and Science
    • International Center of Medical Sciences Research (ICMSR)
    • Bam University of Medical Sciences
    • Fundación Valle del Lili
    • Universidad ICESI
    • Cihan University-Erbil
    • Maharishi Markandeshwar Institute of Medical Sciences & Research
    • Rajshahi University
    • National Yunlin University of Science and Technology
    • Policy Research Institute
    • Global Center for Research and Development
    • Public Health England
    • Research and Academic Institution
    • Western Sydney University
    • Birjand University of Medical Sciences
    • Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin
    • Universidad de Antioquia
    • Zagazig University
    • Department of Polymer Technology
    • Jinnah Medical College
    • Bushehr University of Medical Sciences
    • Ain Shams University
    • Northern Region Health Administration
    • University of Belgrade
    • Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
    • Jahrom University of Medical Science
    • Bournemouth University
    • Utkal University
    • Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development
    • GlaxoSmithKline
    • Farhangian University
    • Manian Medical Centre
    • University of Botswana
    • National Institutes of Health
    • Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University
    • Jazan University
    • Debre Berhan University
    • University of Groningen
    • Delhi Technological University
    • Polytechnic of Guarda
    • University of Beira Interior
    • University of Alabama at Birmingham
    • Department of Veterans Affairs
    • University of Georgia
    • Moscow Research and Practical Centre on Addictions
    • Russian Medical Academy of Continuous Professional Education
    • “Sf Pantelimon” Emergency Clinical Hospital Bucharest
    • Dire Dawa University
    • University of Georgia
    • University of Swat
    • Xiamen University
    • University of Valencia
    • Rice University
    • Enventure Medical Innovation
    • Czech Technical University in Prague
    • National Institute of Population and Social Security Research
    • Modestum LTD
    • Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine
    • UKK Institute
    • Tampere University
    • Institute of Public Health of Serbia
    • Johns Hopkins University
    • Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City
    • Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University
    • Northeastern University
    • University of Nairobi
    • Vanderbilt University
    • Rajarata University of Sri Lanka
    • Suleyman Demirel University
    • National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Kodaira
    • Juntendo University
    • Jackson State University
    • Universiti Putra Malaysia
    • Wuhan University
    • University of South Carolina
    • Tarbiat Modarres University
    • Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
    • University of California at San Francisco
    • Georgetown University
    • Department of Health Manila
    • MentalHealthPH

    Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

    192 Citations (SciVal)
    Original languageEnglish
    Pages (from-to)e385-e413
    JournalThe Lancet Global Health
    Volume11
    Issue number3
    DOIs
    Publication statusPublished (VoR) - Mar 2023

    Funding

    This work was supported by Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia (XMUMRF/2020-C6/ITCM/0004). A Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, Kuwait University, International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, and National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. A Fatehizadeh acknowledges support from the Department of Environmental Health Engineering of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. H Kandel is supported by the Kornhauser Research Fellowship at The University of Sydney. S L Koulmane Laxminarayana would like to acknowledge Manipal Academy of Higher Education. J Nitin would like to thank Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal for their encouragement and support in doing research work. Z Piracha and U Saeed would like to acknowledge The International Center of Medical Sciences Research, Islamabad, Pakistan. A Sheikh acknowledges Health Data Research UK. A Shetty and P Shetty would like to acknowledge Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, for their constant support. L R Silva acknowledges support by the project code CENTRO-04-3559-FSE-000162, Fundo Social Europeu. The Serbian part of this GBD contribution was co-financed through Grant OI 175 014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. The work reported herein was made possible through funding by the South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) through its Division of Research Capacity Development under the Mid-Career Scientist Programme from funding received from the South African National Treasury. The content hereof is the sole responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the SAMRC. This work was supported by Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia (XMUMRF/2020-C6/ITCM/0004). A Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, College of Public Health, Kuwait University, International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, and National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. A Fatehizadeh acknowledges support from the Department of Environmental Health Engineering of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran. H Kandel is supported by the Kornhauser Research Fellowship at The University of Sydney. S L Koulmane Laxminarayana would like to acknowledge Manipal Academy of Higher Education. J Nitin would like to thank Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal for their encouragement and support in doing research work. Z Piracha and U Saeed would like to acknowledge The International Center of Medical Sciences Research, Islamabad, Pakistan. A Sheikh acknowledges Health Data Research UK. A Shetty and P Shetty would like to acknowledge Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, for their constant support. L R Silva acknowledges support by the project code CENTRO-04-3559-FSE-000162, Fundo Social Europeu. The Serbian part of this GBD contribution was co-financed through Grant OI 175 014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. The work reported herein was made possible through funding by the South African Medical Research Council (SAMRC) through its Division of Research Capacity Development under the Mid-Career Scientist Programme from funding received from the South African National Treasury. The content hereof is the sole responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the SAMRC.

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