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Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

  • GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators
    • University of Washington
    • Haramaya University
    • Department of Population and Family Health
    • Jimma University
    • Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center
    • Tehran University of Medical Sciences
    • Department of Health
    • McGill University
    • School of Pharmacy
    • Department of Medical Parasitology
    • Cairo University
    • Manonmaniam Sundaranar University
    • Department of Clinical Chemistry
    • Human Nutrition Department
    • Gondar University
    • University of Hohenheim
    • Wollega University
    • Clinical Pharmacy Unit
    • Department of Pediatrics
    • Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City
    • Birzeit University
    • Depártment of Epidemiology
    • Bénin Clinical Research Institute (IRCB)
    • Dongguk University
    • Kathmandu University
    • Nepal Development Society
    • Duke University
    • University of Stellenbosch
    • Institute of Public Health
    • S. Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic
    • University of Ibadan
    • Obafemi Awolowo University
    • Cardiff University
    • School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine
    • Monash University
    • Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University
    • Wolaita Sodo University
    • Université de Lomé
    • Health of the Zio
    • Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center
    • Department of Family Medicine
    • Department of Epidemiology
    • McMaster University
    • Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology
    • CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology
    • Baylor College of Medicine
    • Non Communicable Diseases
    • Public Health Foundation of India
    • Vital Strategies
    • Department of Anesthesiology
    • Environmental Technologies Research Center
    • Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
    • Ophthalmic Research Center
    • Wuhan University
    • Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
    • Higher National Veterinary School
    • Federal Teaching Hospital
    • University of Kentucky
    • Hospital for Sick Children
    • University of Toronto
    • Department of Veterans Affairs
    • Medical Research Center
    • Sanaa University
    • Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN
    • Syrian American Medical Society
    • School of Global Health
    • University of Western Australia
    • Dalhousie University
    • Baqiyatallah Research Center for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases
    • Baqiyatallah Medical Sciences University
    • Australian National University
    • Qazvin University of Medical Sciences
    • Cancer Research Center
    • Kuwait University
    • Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
    • Luxembourg Institute of Health
    • Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin
    • King Saud University
    • Université de Bordeaux
    • Universidad de Cartagena
    • Universidad de la Costa
    • University of South Australia
    • South Australian Health And Medical Research Institute
    • Federal Ministry of Health
    • Faculty of Health Sciences
    • American University of Beirut
    • Mansoura University
    • Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy
    • University of Thessaly
    • Arba Minch University
    • Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
    • Barcelona Institute for Global Health
    • Pompeu Fabra University
    • University of the Philippines
    • Hong Kong Polytechnic University
    • Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital
    • School of Medical Sciences
    • Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
    • Health Management and Economics Research Center
    • Dalarna University
    • University of Manitoba
    • Abt Inc. Nepal
    • Qom University of Medical Sciences
    • Department of Medical Laboratory Science
    • School of Business
    • University of Leicester
    • Indian Institute of Public Health
    • Judith Lumley Centre
    • La Trobe University
    • Department of Community and Global Health
    • The University of Tokyo
    • University of South Africa
    • Wardliparingga Aboriginal Research Unit
    • Burnet Institute
    • Center for Infectious Diseases Research
    • Department of Medical Mycology
    • Public Health Risk Sciences Division
    • Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research
    • School of Public Health
    • Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition
    • Deakin University
    • Johns Hopkins University
    • Institute of Polish Mother's Health Center
    • Alexandria University
    • University Hospital Foundation Santa Fe de Bogotá
    • Clinic for Infectious and Tropical Diseases
    • Faculty of Medicine
    • University of Belgrade
    • The University of Auckland
    • Heidelberg University 
    • Universidad Javeriana
    • Technical University of Munich
    • Stanford University
    • Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science
    • University of California at Los Angeles
    • Jazan University
    • Gandhi Medical College
    • Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology
    • Social Determinants of Health Center
    • Lorestan University of Medical Sciences
    • Université de Bourgogne
    • Public Health Department
    • College of Medicine and Health Sciences
    • Mekelle University
    • Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization
    • School of Forestry and Environmental Studies
    • Yale University
    • University of Oxford
    • Central Research Institute of Cytology and Genetics
    • Universidade de São Paulo
    • Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
    • Dental Institute
    • Emory University
    • University of South Florida
    • Bucharest Emergency Hospital
    • Iran University of Medical Sciences
    • University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust
    • University of Birmingham
    • Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health (FRIHOI)
    • London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
    • Nepal Academy of Science and Technology
    • Center for Excellence in Women and Child Health
    • Aga Khan University
    • Department of Renal Medicine
    • Epidemiology and Biostatistics
    • Imperial College London
    • University of Dhaka
    • RTI International
    • University of Nottingham
    • Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine
    • Cancer Registry of Norway Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research
    • Oregon Health and Science University
    • Hanoi Medical University
    • University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
    • School of Population and Global Health
    • Ministry of Public Health Lebanon
    • Transport and Road Safety Research
    • University of New South Wales
    • Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research
    • School of Population and Public Health
    • Comenius University
    • Max Hospital
    • Psychiatry and Behavioral Health Department
    • Ohio State University
    • Health Technology Assessment Association
    • Institute for Scientific Research and High Technology Services
    • Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies
    • Department of Community Health
    • Cabrini Health
    • Health Canada
    • Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital
    • Center for Health Systems Research
    • Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica
    • Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana
    • Prevention and Clinical Network
    • Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics
    • University of Technology Sydney
    • Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit
    • University of Porto
    • National Institutes of Health
    • Universidad Nacional de Colombia
    • University of Costa Rica
    • Department of Research and Health Technology Assessment
    • Instituto de Salud Carlos III
    • Australian Catholic University
    • College of Medicine Alfaisal University
    • National Health Research Institutes Taiwan
    • National Taiwan University
    • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
    • Department of Development Studies
    • Faculty of Medical Sciences
    • University of West Indies
    • Department of Statistics
    • Ocular Epidemiology Research Group
    • Duke-NUS Medical School
    • Clinical Governance
    • University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan
    • Department Preventive Medicine
    • Ministry of Health, Iraq
    • Seoul National University
    • University of Cambridge
    • Institute of Clinical Medicine and Bispebjerg Hospital
    • Christian Medical College and Hospital (CMC)
    • University of Copenhagen
    • Agency for Health Technology Assessment and Tariff System
    • University College London
    • University of Salerno
    • Health Effects Institute
    • University of Extremadura
    • Faculty of Education
    • Universidad Autónoma de Chile
    • University of Southampton
    • University of Colorado Boulder
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    • University of Milan - Bicocca
    • Department of Oncology
    • Arizona State University
    • Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology
    • Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
    • University of California at San Diego
    • Hawassa University
    • Universidade Eduardo Mondlane
    • Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine
    • Clinical Toxicology Service
    • Toxoplasmosis Research Center
    • Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust
    • Institute of Biomedical Engineering
    • School of Nursing and Midwifery
    • BRAC University
    • Clinical Emergency Hospital St. Pantelimon
    • Kazakh National Medical University
    • Center for Evaluation and Surveys Research
    • Asbestos Diseases Research Institute
    • Griffith University Queensland
    • Addis Ababa University
    • Nepal Health Research Council
    • Center for Nutrition and Health Research
    • Aksum University
    • National Health Service Scotland
    • Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
    • Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
    • Department of Nursing
    • Centre for Global Child Health
    • Disha Foundation
    • University of Peradeniya
    • Health Research Section
    • Department of Midwifery
    • Department of Nutrition
    • College of Health and Medical Sciences
    • Duy Tan University
    • Medical University of Varna
    • University of Cape Coast Ghana
    • Faculty of Social Sciences
    • Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University
    • University of Sydney
    • National Centre for Disease Control (NCDC)
    • United Nations World Food Programme
    • Mycobacteriology Research Center
    • Universidade Federal da Bahia
    • Roberto Santos General Hospital
    • Liver and Pancreaticobilliary Disease Research Center
    • Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
    • Umeå University
    • University of Newcastle
    • UiT The Arctic University of Norway
    • Department of Public Health Sciences
    • Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology
    • Foundation University Medical College
    • St. Paul‘s Hospital Millennium Medical College
    • University of Queensland
    • Urmia University of Medical Sciences
    • Babol University of Medical Sciences
    • College of Medicine
    • Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
    • National Statistical Office
    • University of Bologna
    • Universidade Federal de Sergipe
    • Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center
    • Human Development Programme
    • Social Determinants of Health Research
    • Hamedan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
    • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
    • REQUIMTE
    • Catholic University of Portugal
    • Institute of Bone and Joint Research
    • Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences
    • Kaiser Permanente
    • Robert Koch-Institut
    • Bielefeld University
    • National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine
    • Cancer Institute
    • Kobe University
    • Epidemiology and Public Health
    • University of Basel
    • Division of Ophthalmology
    • Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery
    • University of Tasmania
    • Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
    • Debre Berhan University
    • Manhiça Health Research Center
    • Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology
    • Curtin University
    • Wageningen University & Research
    • University of Valencia
    • Global Health Institute
    • Health Research Institute
    • Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
    • Department of Ophthalmology
    • University of Tsukuba
    • Institute for Global Health Sciences
    • University of California at San Francisco
    • Fortis Healthcare
    • Dysmetabolic and Ageing-associated Diseases
    • Texas Tech University
    • Unit of Academic Primary Care
    • The University of Warwick
    • Division of General Internal Medicine
    • Howard University
    • Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
    • Department of Global Health
    • International Institute for Population Sciences
    • Jawaharlal Nehru University
    • University of Massachusetts Boston
    • University of Oklahoma
    • Government of the Federated States of Micronesia
    • University Hospital
    • Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research
    • Nanyang Technological University
    • Division of Cardiovascular and Clinical Epidemiology
    • Boston University
    • Jackson State University
    • Saint James School of Medicine
    • West Virginia University
    • Rajasthan University of Health Sciences
    • Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute
    • Yeshiva University
    • Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria Ramon de la Fuente
    • Journal of Nepal Health Research Council
    • Erasmus University Rotterdam
    • Université de Kinshasa
    • University of Groningen
    • Western University
    • School of Medicine
    • Anatomy Unit
    • United Arab Emirates University
    • Biomedical Sciences Division
    • Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences
    • Arabian Gulf University
    • Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University
    • University of New Mexico
    • University of Virginia
    • Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital
    • Sun Yat-sen Global Health Institute
    • Department of Vital and Health Statistics
    • Sun Yat-Sen University
    • Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology
    • St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences
    • Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
    • University of Antwerp
    • Karolinska Institutet
    • Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
    • Air Pollution Research Center
    • Teikyo University
    • Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences
    • Mizan-Tepi University
    • The Bucharest University of Economic Studies
    • Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences
    • Department of Reproductive Health
    • Ohio University
    • Tigray Health Research Institute
    • UKK Institute
    • Delhi Technological University
    • National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders
    • Columbia University
    • University of Texas at Austin
    • School of Health
    • Guilan Road Trauma Research Center (GUMS)
    • Guilan University of Medical Sciences
    • Department of Biostatistics
    • University of Human Development
    • University of Human Development
    • National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici
    • Université de Tunis El Manar
    • Central South University
    • Department of Paediatric Cardiology
    • Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science
    • Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences
    • Egas Moniz - Cooperative of Higher Education, CRL
    • Aarhus University
    • University of Liberia
    • Taipei Medical University
    • Department of Community Health and Psychiatry
    • George Mason University
    • Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center
    • Higher School of Economics
    • National Centre for Disease Control
    • University of Kragujevac
    • International Medical University
    • Faculty of Graduate Studies
    • Institute of Medicine
    • Achutha Menon Centre for Health Science Studies
    • University of Colombo
    • The George Institute for Global Health
    • Environmental Research Center
    • National Center for Disease Control and Public Health
    • Duke Kunshan University
    • School of Community Medicine
    • New South Wales Health
    • University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences
    • Centre for Community Medicine
    • Częstochowa University of Technology
    • University of Opole
    • University of Tartu
    • University College Cork
    • Department of Nutrition and Dietetics
    • Department of Neurology
    • Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology
    • King George's Medical University
    • Srirama Chandra Bhanja Medical College and Hospital
    • Northwestern University
    • Faculty of Public Health
    • Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research
    • Quality and Equity Health Care
    • University of California at Riverside
    • Immunogenetics Research Center
    • Hematologic Malignancies Research Center
    • Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center
    • College of Health Sciences
    • University of Glasgow
    • Oklahoma State University
    • University of Tulsa
    • Department of Mental Health
    • Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education
    • Pharmacy Department
    • ODeL campus
    • Michigan State University
    • Non-communicable Diseases Research Unit
    • South African Medical Research Council
    • University of Cape Town
    • Hadassah University Medical Centre
    • CSIR - Indian Institute of Toxicology Research
    • Jordan University of Science and Technology
    • Azad University
    • Milad General Hospital
    • Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi
    • University of Management and Technology
    • Stroger Hospital of Cook County
    • Dow University of Health Sciences
    • University of Alabama at Birmingham
    • University of Tennessee, Knoxville
    • Institute of Health Policy and Management
    • Department of Environmental Health Engineering
    • Gomal University
    • New York Medical College
    • Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health
    • Clinical Epidemiology Unit
    • Lund University
    • Research and Data Solutions
    • Korea Health Industry Development Institute
    • Northeastern University
    • Department of Preventive Medicine
    • Xiamen University
    • Simmons College
    • Murdoch Children's Research Institute
    • University of Canberra
    • University of Oslo
    • Department of Health Economics and Social Security
    • Jagiellonian University Medical College
    • Centre for Disease Burden
    • National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
    • University of British Columbia
    • Arthritis Research Canada
    • Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences
    • Mexican Institute of Ophthalmology
    • Panjab University
    • Utrecht University
    • Department of Demography
    • University of Montreal
    • Hacettepe University
    • University of Nairobi
    • Ghent University
    • Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team
    • School of Dentistry
    • Population and Work Ability Program
    • Academy of Medical Science
    • Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig
    • Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
    • Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention Branch
    • HelpMeSee, Inc.
    • University of Lisbon
    • School of Nursing
    • Asbestos Diseases Research Institute
    • Maragheh University of Medical Sciences
    • University of Florence
    • Shenzhen Sun Yatsen Cardiovascular Hospital
    • National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance
    • National Center of Birth Defects Monitoring of China
    • Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
    • Alliance for Improving Health Outcomes
    • Samara University
    • University of Malaya
    • Chinese University of Hong Kong
    • University of Haifa
    • Centre for Chronic Disease Control
    • Islamic Azad University
    • University of Bari
    • Fondazione Cardinale Giovanni Panico Hospital
    • University of Melbourne
    • Friedrich Schiller University Jena
    • Singapore National Eye Center
    • Big Data Institute
    • University of Liverpool
    • Epidemiology and Disease Control
    • Development and Communication Studies
    • Ariadne Labs
    • National University of Singapore
    • Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
    • Knowledge Utilization Research Center
    • Community-Based Participatory-Research Center
    • Department of Primary Care and Public Health
    • Digestive Diseases Research Institute
    • Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
    • Department of Maternal and Child Nursing and Public Health
    • Institute for Social Science Research
    • Division of Patient and Population
    • Department of Physics and Atmospheric Science
    • Hospital Moinhos de Vento
    • Federal Institute of Education
    • Medical Clinic V
    • Medical University of Graz
    • University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center
    • Division of Plastic Surgery
    • National Centre for Disease Informatics and Research
    • Department of Radiology
    • Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine
    • Chalmers University of Technology
    • Hywel Dda University Health Board
    • National Centre for Register-based Research
    • Department of Health Services Research and Policy
    • National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research
    • Department of Biostatistics,Epidemiology
    • Sevenhills Hospital
    • Innovation Office
    • Institute for Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences
    • Department Epidemiology and Biostatistics
    • Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
    • University West of Florida
    • United Nations
    • Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital
    • Tsinghua University
    • Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science
    • Department of Technology and Environmental Health Sciences
    • School of Health Sciences
    • NeuroCenter
    • University of Helsinki
    • Breast Surgery Unit
    • University North
    • Ethiopian Academy of Medical Science
    • Emergency Department
    • Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin
    • Department of Hypertension
    • Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation
    • Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health
    • National Institute of Statistics
    • Kyrgyz State Medical Academy
    • National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease
    • Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences
    • University of Salahaddin
    • Ishik University
    • Department of Physiology and Pharmacology
    • Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
    • Hospital Universitario de la Princesa
    • Health Systems and Policy Research Unit
    • Iran National Institute of Health Research
    • Ahmadu Bello University
    • University of KwaZulu-Natal
    • Health Research Center
    • Preventive Medicine and Public Health Research Center
    • Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health
    • Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
    • Queensland University of Technology
    • Department of Surgery
    • National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
    • Academy of Athens
    • Department of Health Management and Economics
    • Tufts University
    • Institute of Mother & Child Care
    • Federal Institute for Population Research
    • Center for Population and Health
    • Department of Pharmacy
    • Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research Kolkatta
    • Universiti Sains Malaysia
    • Nishtar Medical University
    • Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
    • Ain Shams University
    • JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research
    • Kyoto University
    • Karachi
    • Wolkite University
    • International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research
    • Université de Yaoundé I
    • Cardio-Metabolic Group
    • University of Calgary
    • Anatomy and Embryology Department
    • Cardiology Department
    • Middle East Liver Disease Center
    • Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital
    • Kenya Medical Research Institute
    • University of Embu
    • Health Economics and Finance
    • Hypertension in Africa Research Team (HART)
    • Department of Health Economics
    • Hanoi School of Public Health
    • Xi'an Jiaotong University
    • Graduate Institute of Biomedical Informatics
    • Semarang State University
    • International Center for Nutrition and Information
    • National Center for Global Health and Medicine
    • Department of Clinical Sciences
    • Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center
    • Uro-Oncology Research Center
    • Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences
    • Center for Research on Population and Health
    • Aix-Marseille Université
    • Western Sydney University
    • Kyung Hee University
    • Human Sciences Research Council South Africa
    • University of Namibia
    • University of Adelaide
    • University of Lagos
    • Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine
    • Institute of Physical Activity and Health
    • Centre for Healthy Start Initiative
    • NCD Prevention and Control Unit
    • University of Brunei Darussalam
    • San Diego State University
    • Applied Research Division
    • University of Ottawa
    • University of Bath
    • Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
    • St. Luke's International University
    • Russian Ministry of Health
    • Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
    • Division of Mental and Physical Health
    • University of Chichester
    • Obstetrics and Gynecology
    • Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation
    • Augenpraxis Jonas
    • Kosin University
    • Alcohol
    • Maimonides Medical Center
    • REGIONAL MEDICAL RESEARCH CENTRE
    • Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences
    • International Institute of Health Management Research
    • Population Health Group
    • Save the Children
    • Department of Tobacco Research
    • Department of Medical Statistics
    • Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology
    • Glenelg
    • University of Gothenburg
    • University of the Witwatersrand
    • Shanghai Jiao Tong University
    • Durban University of Technology
    • Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association
    • Department of Environmental Hygiene
    • Staufenberg
    • University of Otago
    • Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences
    • Government Medical College Nagpur
    • Alborz University of Medical Sciences
    • Medichem
    • Contech School of Public Health
    • Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy Research Center
    • Department of Clinical Biochemistry
    • Austin Clinical School of Nursing
    • Syrian Expatriate Medical Association (SEMA)
    • Department of Public Health and Mortality Studies
    • Research and Evaluation Division
    • Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance
    • University of Göttingen
    • Department of Health Education and Promotion
    • Innsbruck Medical University
    • Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences
    • Yonsei University
    • Nanjing University
    • Department of Radiation Oncology
    • WHO Collaborating Centre for Public Health Education and Training
    • Public Health England
    • Department of Population Health
    • IRCCS Istituto di ricerche farmacologiche Mario Negri - Milano, Bergamo, Ranica
    • School of Social Sciences and Psychology
    • Brien Holden Vision Institute
    • Organization for the Prevention of Blindness
    • Environmental Determinants of Health Research Center
    • Universidade Federal de Uberlândia
    • Golestan University of Medical Sciences
    • Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center
    • Division of Cardiology
    • Ulm University
    • Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam
    • Southern University of Science and Technology
    • School of Psychiatry
    • Prince of Wales Hospital
    • University of Sharjah
    • Department of Food Technology and Quality Control
    • Department of Neurosurgery
    • Ophthalmic Epidemiology Research Center
    • Managerial Epidemiology Research Center
    • Raffles Hospital
    • Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
    • Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
    • York University Toronto
    • Punjab University College of Pharmacy
    • Center for Health Policy and Center for Primary Care and Outcomes Research
    • Royal Children’s Hospital
    • Health and Disability Intelligence Group
    • Department of Entomology
    • Marshall University
    • Case Western Reserve University
    • Policy and Epidemiology Group
    • University of Edinburgh
    • Regional Health Administration Do Norte I P
    • Centre School of Public Health and Health Management
    • Post-Graduate Program in Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine
    • University of Massachusetts Medical School
    • Health Economics and Financing Research Group
    • Universidad de Ciencias Aplicadas y Ambientales
    • Hamad Medical Corporation
    • Bournemouth University
    • Utkal University
    • Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development
    • Padmashree Dr. D.Y. Patil University
    • University of North Carolina at Charlotte
    • Education Development Center
    • Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
    • Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease
    • North West University
    • School of Preventive Oncology
    • Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry
    • Child and Youth Mental Health
    • Department of Psychiatry
    • University of Zagreb
    • Croatian National Institute of Public Health
    • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
    • Center of Expertise in Microbiology
    • Immunoregulation Research Center
    • Department of Health Policy
    • University of Exeter
    • New York University
    • Department of Microbiology and Immunology
    • Center for Research in Evaluation and Surveys
    • Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation
    • Department of Basic Sciences
    • Policy and Planning Division
    • Division of Noncommunicable Diseases
    • Department of Pulmonary Medicine
    • Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care
    • Department of Global Health Policy
    • National Institute of Infectious Diseases
    • Korea University
    • Finnish Institute of Occupational Health
    • Cancer Biology Research Center
    • Institute of Medical Epidemiology
    • Harvard University
    • Division of Occupational and Environmental Health
    • Imam Ali Cardiovascular Research Center
    • Department Population Health
    • Reykjavík University
    • UCIBIO
    • Universidade de Brasília
    • Asthma Bhawan
    • Norwegian Institute of Public Health
    • Department of Anatomy
    • Pneumology Service
    • National Centre for Disease Prevention and Health Promotion
    • Clinical Neurological Sciences
    • Velez Sarsfield Hospital
    • University of California at Irvine
    • Brain Institute
    • Metabolism and Diabetes
    • Fudan University
    • Debre Markos University
    • Department of Medical Microbiology
    • Centre for Clinical Research
    • Department of Endocrinology
    • Institute of Environmental Medicine
    • Department of Public Health and Epidemiology
    • School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences
    • German Federal Environment Agency
    • Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine
    • Vietnam Military Medical University
    • Molecular Medicine and Pathology
    • University of Barcelona
    • Division of Health Sciences
    • Heart and Vascular Center
    • Argentine Society of Medicine
    • King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
    • Center of Excellence in Behavioral Medicine
    • Faculty of Medicine Institute of Epidemiology
    • University of Bergen
    • Demographic Change and Ageing Research Area
    • Department of Environmental Health Science
    • Competence Center Mortality-Follow-Up
    • Zdroje Hospital
    • Kailuan General Hospital
    • Institute of Health and Society
    • Cochrane South Africa
    • School of Population Health and Environmental Sciences
    • Biomedical Research Council
    • Medical Physics Department
    • Department of Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases
    • Global Health Research Center
    • Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention
    • The University of Hong Kong
    • School of Allied Health Sciences
    • College of Public Health
    • Physiology Research Center
    • Maternal and Child Health Division
    • Department of Preventive Dentistry
    • Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences
    • Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention Center

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    4222 Citations (SciVal)
    Original languageEnglish
    Pages (from-to)1923-1994
    Number of pages72
    JournalThe Lancet
    Volume392
    Issue number10159
    DOIs
    Publication statusPublished (VoR) - 10 Nov 2018

    Funding

    Carl Abelardo Antonio reports personal fees from Johnson & Johnson (Philippines). Yannick Bejot reports grants and personal fees from AstraZeneca and Boehringer-Ingelheim and personal fees from Daiichi-Sankyo, Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS), Pfizer, Medtronic, Bayer, Novex Pharma, and Merck Sharp & Dohme (MSD). Cyrus Cooper reports personal fees from Alliance for Better Bone Health, Amgen, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Medtronic, Merck & Co, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Servier, Takeda, and UCB. Seana Gall reports grants from the National Health and Medical Research Council and the National Heart Foundation of Australia. Panniyammakal Jeemon reports a Clinical and Public Health Intermediate Fellowship from the Wellcome Trust–DBT India Alliance (2015–20). Jacek Jóźwiak reports a grant from Valeant, personal fees from Valeant, ALAB Laboratoria and Amgen, and non-financial support from Microlife and Servier. Nicholas Kassebaum reports personal fees and other support from Vifor Pharmaceuticals. Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi reports grants from NHS Research Scotland, the Medical Research Council, and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office. Jeffrey Lazarus reports personal fees from Janssen and Cepheid and grants and personal fees from AbbVie, Gilead Sciences, and MSD. Stefan Lorkowski reports personal fees from Amgen, Berlin-Chemie, MSD, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi-Aventis, Synlab, Unilever, and non-financial support from Preventicus. Winfried März reports grants and personal fees from Siemens Diagnostics, Aegerion Pharmaceuticals, Amgen, AstraZeneca, Danone Research, Pfizer, BASF, Numares, and Berline-Chemie; personal fees from Hoffmann LaRoche, MSD, Sanofi, and Synageva; grants from Abbott Diagnostics; and other support from Synlab. Walter Mendoza is currently a Program Analyst for Population and Development at the Peru Country Office of the United Nations Population Fund. Dariush Mozaffarian reports grants from National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; personal fees from Global Organization for EPA and DHA Omega-3s, DSM, Nutrition Impact, Pollock Communications, Bunge, Indigo Agriculture, Amarin, Acasti Pharma, and America's Test Kitchen; chapter royalties from UpToDate; they serve on the scientific advisory board for Omada Health, Elysium Health, and DayTwo. Maarten Postma reports grants from Mundipharma, Bayer, BMS, AstraZeneca, ARTEG, and AscA; grants and personal fees from Sigma Tau, MSD, GSK, Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novavax, Ingress Health, AbbVie, and Sanofi; personal fees from Quintiles, Astellas, Mapi, OptumInsight, Novartis, Swedish Orphan, Innoval, Jansen, Intercept, and Pharmerit, and stock ownership in Ingress Health and Pharmacoeconomics Advice Groningen. Kenji Shibuya reports grants from the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare and from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology. Mark Shrime reports grants from Mercy Ships and Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation. Jasvinder Singh reports consulting for Horizon, Fidia, UBM, Medscape, WebMD, the NIH, and the American College of Rheumatology; they serve as the principal investigator for an investigator-initiated study funded by Horizon pharmaceuticals through a grant to Dinora, a 501c3 entity; they are on the steering committee of OMERACT, an international organisation that develops measures for clinical trials and receives arms-length funding from 36 pharmaceutical companies. Cassandra Szoeke reports a grant from the National Medical Health Research Council, Lundbeck, Alzheimer's Association, and the Royal Australasian College of Practitioners; she holds patent PCT/AU2008/001556. Jeffrey Stanaway reports a grant from Merck & Co. Muthiah Vaduganathan receives research support from the NIH/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and serves as a consultant for Bayer and Baxter Healthcare. Denis Xavier reports grants from Cadila Pharmaceuticals, Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi-Aventis, Pfizer, and BMS. All other authors declare no competing interests. Research reported in this publication was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the University of Melbourne, Public Health England, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, the National Institute on Ageing of the National Institutes of Health (NIH; award P30AG047845) , and the National Institute of Mental Health of NIH (award R01MH110163) . The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funders. We thank the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, done by National Research University Higher School of Economics and ZAO Demoscope together with Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the Institute of Sociology RAS, for making these data available. The Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study is an international study carried out in collaboration with WHO/Europe. The International Coordinator of the 1997–98, 2001–02, 2005–06, and 2009–10 surveys was Candace Currie and the databank managers were Bente Wold for the 1997–98 survey and Oddrun Samdal for the following surveys. A list of principal investigators in each country can be found on the HBSC website . This research uses data from Add Health, a programme project designed by J Richard Udry, Peter S Bearman, and Kathleen Mullan Harris, and funded by a grant P01-HD31921 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, with cooperative funding from 17 other agencies. Special acknowledgment is due to Ronald R Rindfuss and Barbara Entwisle for assistance in the original design of Add Health. People interested in obtaining data files from Add Health should contact Add Health, Carolina Population Center, 123 W Franklin Street, Chapel Hill, NC 27516–2524 ( [email protected] ). No direct support was received from grant P01-HD31921 for this analysis. Data for this research was provided by MEASURE Evaluation, funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of USAID, the US Government, or MEASURE Evaluation. This research used data from the National Health Survey 2003. The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Health of Chile, the survey copyright owner, for allowing them to have the database. All results of the study are those of the authors and in no way committed to the Ministry. The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics granted the researchers of GBD 2017 access to relevant data in accordance with licence no SLN2014–3-170, after subjecting data to processing aiming to preserve the confidentiality of individual data in accordance with the General Statistics Law, 2000. The researchers are solely responsible for the conclusions and inferences drawn upon available data. This paper uses data from Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe ( SHARE Waves 1, 2, 3 (SHARELIFE), 4, 5, and 6 (DOIs: 10·6103/SHARE.w1.611, 10.6103/SHARE.w2.611, 10.6103/SHARE.w3.611, 10.6103/SHARE.w4.611, 10.6103/SHARE.w5.611, 10.6103/SHARE.w6.611), see Börsch-Supan and colleagues (2013) for methodological details. The SHARE data collection has been primarily funded by the European Commission through FP5 (QLK6-CT-2001–00360), FP6 (SHARE-I3: RII-CT-2006–062193, COMPARE: CIT5-CT-2005–028857, SHARELIFE: CIT4-CT-2006–028812) and FP7 (SHARE-PREP: No 211909, SHARE-LEAP: No 227822, SHARE M4: No 261982). Additional funding from the German Ministry of Education and Research, the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science, the US National Institute on Aging (U01_AG09740–13S2, P01_AG005842, P01_AG08291, P30_AG12815, R21_AG025169, Y1-AG-4553–01, IAG_BSR06–11, OGHA_04–064, and HHSN271201300071C) and from various national funding sources is gratefully acknowledged. This paper uses data from the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health.

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