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Mapping geographical inequalities in childhood diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries, 2000-17: Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

  • Local Burden of Disease Diarrhoea Collaborators
    • University of Washington
    • Haramaya University
    • Tehran University of Medical Sciences
    • Cairo University
    • Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
    • Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
    • Bahar Dar University
    • Madda Walabu University
    • Addis Ababa University
    • Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
    • Philippine Institute for Development Studies
    • Bénin Clinical Research Institute (IRCB)
    • Dongguk University
    • Kathmandu University
    • Hamedan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
    • University of Ibadan
    • Obafemi Awolowo University
    • Cardiff University
    • University of Stellenbosch
    • Ardabil University of Medical Sciences
    • Mekelle University
    • Lincoln Medical School
    • Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
    • University of Gezira
    • Jimma University Ethiopia
    • BRAC University
    • International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh
    • University of Nevada, Reno
    • Federal Ministry of Health
    • Gondar University
    • University of Rhode Island
    • Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University
    • Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica
    • Woldia University
    • Debre Markos University
    • Erbil Polytechnic University
    • Ishik University
    • Quaid-I-Azam University
    • Qazvin University of Medical Sciences
    • Iran University of Medical Sciences
    • Kuwait University
    • Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
    • Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
    • Arak University of Medical Sciences
    • Jazan University
    • Sanaa University
    • King Saud University
    • Universidad de Cartagena
    • Universidad de la Costa
    • National Institutes of Health
    • South Australian Health And Medical Research Institute
    • University of the Philippines
    • Johns Hopkins University
    • Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy
    • Wageningen University & Research
    • Ethiopian Public Health Institute
    • Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences
    • Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
    • Education and Extension Organization (AREEO)
    • Hong Kong Polytechnic University
    • Universitas Sebelas Maret
    • Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
    • Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
    • Saveh University of Medical Sciences
    • Abt Associates Nepal
    • Babol University of Medical Sciences
    • Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education
    • Aksum University
    • University of Hail
    • Padmashree Dr. D.Y. Patil University
    • University of Leicester
    • The Bucharest University of Economic Studies
    • Indian Institute of Public Health
    • Wolaita Sodo University
    • La Trobe University
    • Curtin University
    • University of Health and Allied Sciences
    • University of New England
    • Debre Berhan University
    • Public Health Agency of Canada
    • University of Toronto
    • Manipal Academy of Higher Education
    • Medical University of Łódź
    • Institute of Polish Mother's Health Center
    • Clinical Center of Serbia
    • University of Belgrade
    • Heidelberg University 
    • Harvard University
    • University of Aden
    • Barcelona Institute for Global Health
    • ICREA
    • Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
    • Gandhi Medical College
    • Lorestan University of Medical Sciences
    • Social Determinants of Health Research Center
    • Yale University
    • University of Oxford
    • Arba Minch University
    • University of Massachusetts Medical School
    • National Institute of Biomedical Genomics
    • University of Calcutta
    • Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies
    • The George Institute for Global Health
    • IRCCS Istituto di ricerche farmacologiche Mario Negri - Milano, Bergamo, Ranica
    • University of New South Wales
    • Swinburne University of Technology
    • Islamic Azad University
    • London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
    • University of Genoa
    • Bauman Moscow State Technical University
    • Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University
    • Employees’ State Insurance Model Hospital
    • University of Waterloo
    • Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital
    • University of the Valley of Cuernavaca
    • Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana
    • University of Porto
    • Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies
    • World Bank
    • National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases India
    • Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics
    • International Institute for Population Sciences
    • Monash University
    • Christian Medical College
    • Hanoi National University of Education
    • Case Western Reserve University
    • University of Milan
    • Public Health Foundation of India
    • Indian Council of Medical Research
    • Tanta University
    • Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
    • Aga Khan University
    • University of South Carolina
    • FLACSO México
    • Clinical Emergency Hospital St. Pantelimon
    • Brighton and Sussex Medical School
    • University of Peradeniya
    • Nepal Health Research Council
    • Far Western University
    • Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
    • Universidad Autonoma de Sinaloa
    • Nguyen Tat Thanh University
    • University of Cape Coast Ghana
    • Tampere University
    • Mahidol University
    • World Food Programme
    • Hawassa University
    • Universidade Federal da Bahia
    • Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública
    • Bharathidasan University
    • University of Newcastle
    • Maragheh University of Medical Sciences
    • Alexandria University
    • Mansoura University
    • University of Tripoli
    • World Health Organization
    • Suez Canal University
    • Wolkite University
    • Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
    • University of Bologna
    • Universidade Federal de Sergipe
    • Karolinska Institutet
    • University of Ottawa
    • Kaiser Permanente
    • Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine
    • Bielefeld University
    • Abadan University of Medical Sciences
    • University of the Witwatersrand
    • James Cook University Queensland
    • Kobe University
    • Wistar Institute
    • Wollega University
    • Wollo University
    • The University of Warwick
    • Jawaharlal Nehru University
    • University of Oklahoma
    • Government of the Federated States of Micronesia
    • Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
    • Boston University
    • Saint James School of Medicine
    • Agency for Health Protection
    • Universidade Federal de Goiás
    • Zhengzhou University
    • March of Dimes
    • Rajasthan University of Health Sciences
    • West Virginia University
    • Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam
    • St. Paul‘s Hospital Millennium Medical College
    • Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
    • University of Macau
    • Universitas Airlangga
    • University of Adelaide
    • Al-Azhar University
    • University of Queensland
    • Mizan-Tepi University
    • University of Antwerp
    • Medical Biology Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
    • Adigrat University
    • Dhaka Medical College and Hospital
    • Bangladesh Industrial Gases Limited
    • University of Human Development
    • Hamad bin Khalifa University
    • Qatar Foundation
    • Central South University
    • Shaikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al-Nahyan Medical College
    • Dow University of Health Sciences
    • University of Kragujevac
    • Bangalore Baptist Hospital
    • Deakin University
    • University of Sydney
    • South African Medical Research Council
    • Babol Noshirvani University of Technology
    • University of Colombo
    • Banaras Hindu University
    • Duke Kunshan University
    • Duke University
    • University of Twente
    • Capital Medical University
    • University of Opole
    • University College Cork
    • Golestan University of Medical Sciences
    • All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Jodhpur
    • Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
    • University of Münster
    • Australian Red Cross Blood Service
    • University of Maryland, Baltimore
    • Utrecht University
    • University of Nairobi
    • Jordan University of Science and Technology
    • University of Management and Technology
    • Qarshi University
    • Baku State University
    • Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University
    • Health Services Academy
    • United Arab Emirates University
    • Sheffield Hallam University
    • Ohio University
    • National Hepatology and Tropical Research Institute
    • Academy of Medical Science
    • Ball State University
    • Lund University
    • Xiamen University
    • Simmons College
    • Kristiania University College
    • Oslo Metropolitan University
    • University of British Columbia
    • Deemed University
    • Asociación Benéfica Prisma
    • CIBERSAM
    • Panjab University
    • University of KwaZulu-Natal
    • University College London
    • Imperial College London
    • University of Indonesia
    • National Institute for Health Research
    • Australian National University
    • University of Baghdad
    • HelpMeSee, Inc.
    • International Relations
    • Father Muller Medical College Hospital
    • University of Haifa
    • Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine
    • Children's Cancer Hospital 57357
    • Tribhuvan University
    • University of Manitoba
    • University of Zambia
    • Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará
    • Medical University of Graz
    • Botho University
    • ICF International
    • Hywel Dda University Health Board
    • Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society
    • Govind Ballabh Institute of Medical Education and Research
    • National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research
    • University of California at San Francisco
    • College of Medicine Alfaisal University
    • ACS Medical College and Hospital
    • University of Helsinki
    • Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin
    • McMaster University
    • Kyrgyz State Medical Academy
    • National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease
    • Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
    • University of Salahaddin
    • Samara University
    • Ahmadu Bello University
    • IRCCS Ospedale Infantile Burlo Garofolo - Trieste
    • University of Bath
    • Tarbiat Modarres University
    • Medical College for Women & Hospital
    • Biomedical Research Foundation
    • Universiti Sains Malaysia
    • Nishtar Medical University
    • Institute of Mother & Child Care
    • Research and Analytics Department
    • Bioinsilico Technologies
    • Suraj Eye Institute
    • Bucharest Emergency Hospital
    • University of Embu
    • Duy Tan University
    • Semarang State University
    • Taipei Medical University
    • University of Cape Town
    • Kyung Hee University
    • International Institute for Tropical Agriculture
    • University of Lagos
    • University of Nigeria
    • University of Benin
    • University of Energy and Natural Resources
    • Jagadguru Sri Shivarathreeshwara Academy of Health Education and Research
    • Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation
    • International Institute of Health Management Research
    • University of Melbourne
    • Murdoch Children's Research Institute
    • Ateneo de Manila University
    • Universidade de São Paulo
    • University of Virginia
    • University of Ljubljana
    • University of Groningen
    • Fundación Valle del Lili
    • National Institute of Infectious Diseases
    • Amirkabir University of Technology
    • Sharif University of Technology
    • A.T. Still University
    • University of Central Florida
    • Federation University Australia
    • The University of Lahore
    • University of Health Sciences Lahore
    • Policy Research Institute
    • Yonsei University, Wonju
    • Fundação Oswaldo Cruz
    • Public Health England
    • Central Queensland University
    • Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology
    • Western Sydney University
    • University of Pretoria
    • University of Minnesota Twin Cities
    • University Teaching Hospital of Kigali
    • Nihon Gakko University
    • Universidad Nacional de Caaguazú
    • Universidade Federal de Uberlândia
    • Ulm University
    • Centro de Investigación Palmira
    • Southern University of Science and Technology
    • University of Sassari
    • Ain Shams University
    • Soran University
    • Taleghani Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
    • Marshall University
    • Madras Medical College
    • PSG-FAIMER South Asia Regional Institute
    • Ministry of Planning
    • Hamad Medical Corporation
    • Bournemouth University
    • Utkal University
    • Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development
    • University of Alabama at Birmingham
    • Jigjiga University
    • Manian Medical Centre
    • An-Najah National University
    • Ambo University
    • Dezful University of Medical Sciences
    • Alborz University of Medical Sciences
    • Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center
    • King's College London
    • National Institute of Infectious Diseases
    • Ben-Gurion University of the Negev
    • Emory University
    • Finnish Institute of Occupational Health
    • University of Technology Sydney
    • Department of Veterans Affairs
    • Max Hospital
    • School of Preventive Oncology
    • Healis Sekhsaria Institute for Public Health
    • Næstved-Slagelse-Ringsted Hospitals
    • Kharkiv National Medical University
    • Hospital Universitario de la Princesa
    • CIBER - Center for Biomedical Research Network
    • University of Hull
    • University of Edinburgh
    • International Medical University
    • Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
    • China Medical University Taichung
    • University of California at Irvine
    • Egas Moniz - Cooperative of Higher Education, CRL
    • University of Lisbon
    • Colgate University
    • Flinders University
    • Central University of Kerala
    • Nanyang Technological University
    • The University of Auckland
    • Vietnam Military Medical University
    • Gomal University
    • Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital
    • Milad General Hospital
    • Argentine Society of Medicine
    • Velez Sarsfield Hospital
    • Ilam University of Medical Sciences
    • S. Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic
    • University of Göttingen
    • Foundation University Medical College
    • Wuhan University
    • Federal Institute for Population Research
    • Naresuan University
    • Wenzhou Medical University
    • Nanjing University
    • The University of Tokyo
    • The University of Hong Kong
    • University of South Australia
    • National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry Kodaira
    • Jackson State University
    • Tsinghua University
    • Urmia University of Medical Sciences
    • EcoHealth Alliance
    • Georgetown University
    • Wuhan University of Science and Technology
    • Wuhan Polytechnic University

    Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

    99 Citations (SciVal)
    Original languageEnglish
    Pages (from-to)1779-1801
    Number of pages23
    JournalThe Lancet
    Volume395
    Issue number10239
    DOIs
    Publication statusPublished (VoR) - 6 Jun 2020

    Funding

    This work was primarily supported by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1132415). S Aljunid reports additional funding from the International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia and Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University for the approval and support to participate in this research project outside of the study. A Awasthi is supported by the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi, through the INSPIRE Faculty Program outside of the study. A Badawi reports additional funding from the Public Health Agency of Canada outside of the study. A Barac reports additional funding from the Project of Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of the Republic of Serbia (no III45005) outside of the study. T Bärnighausen reports additional funding by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research outside of the study. F Carvalho and E Fernandez report additional funding from the Portuguese national funds (UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019) outside of the study. V M Costa reports additional funding from Fundação da Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT) for her grant (SFRH/BPD/110001/2015), which was funded by national funds through FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, IP, under the Norma Transitória – DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006 outside of the study. J De Neve reports additional funding from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation outside of the study. K Deribe reports additional funding from the Wellcome Trust (grant number 201900) as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship outside of the study. D Endalew and M Moradi report additional funding from Wolkite University. M Ausloos, C Herteliu, and A Pana report additional funding from the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI (project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084) outside of the study. C Herteliu reports additional funding from the European Fund for Regional Development through Operational Program for Competitiveness (Project ID P_40_382) and the European Fund for Regional Development, through InterReg Romania-Hungary (project code EMS ROHU 217) outside of the study. P Hoogar reports additional funding from the Centre for Holistic Development and Research (CHDR), Kalaghatagi and The Department of Studies in Anthropology, Karnatak University, D S Islam reports additional funding from the National Heart Foundation of Australia and the Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University outside of the study. A Khatony reports additional funding from the Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Reza Hospital in Kermanshah outside of the study. J Khubchandani reports additional funding from Merck Research Laboratories outside of the study. K Krishan reports additional funding from the UGC Center of Advanced Study (CAS II) awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India outside of the study. M Kumar reports additional funding from the Fogarty Foundation/NIH through a K43 award (TW010716-01A1) outside of the study. B Lacey reports additional funding from the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence (Oxford, UK) outside of the study. A M Samy reports additional funding from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program (EFMP) outside of the study. S Seyedmousavi reports additional funding from the Intramural Program of National Institute of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA outside of the study. M Shey reports additional funding from the Wellcome Trust Kenji Shibuya reports additional funding from Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare and Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sport, Science and Technology outside of the study. M Sobhiyeh reports additional funding from the Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences outside of the study. J Soriano reports additional funding from Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain outside of the study. N Taveira reports additional funding from the LIFE study (RIA2016MC-1615) of the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP) program supported by the European Union outside of the study. B Unnikrishnan reports additional funding from the Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India outside of the study. T Wijeratne reports additional funding from the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rajarata, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka outside of the study. C S Wiysonge reports additional funding from the South African Medical Research Council and the National Research Foundation of South Africa outside of the study. This work was primarily supported by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1132415). S Aljunid reports additional funding from the International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia and Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University for the approval and support to participate in this research project outside of the study. A Awasthi is supported by the Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, New Delhi, through the INSPIRE Faculty Program outside of the study. A Badawi reports additional funding from the Public Health Agency of Canada outside of the study. A Barac reports additional funding from the Project of Ministry of Education, Science and Technology of the Republic of Serbia (no III45005) outside of the study. T B?rnighausen reports additional funding by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research outside of the study. F Carvalho and E Fernandez report additional funding from the Portuguese national funds (UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019) outside of the study. V M Costa reports additional funding from Funda??o da Ci?ncia e Tecnologia (FCT) for her grant (SFRH/BPD/110001/2015), which was funded by national funds through FCT ? Funda??o para a Ci?ncia e a Tecnologia, IP, under the Norma Transit?ria ? DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006 outside of the study. J De Neve reports additional funding from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation outside of the study. K Deribe reports additional funding from the Wellcome Trust (grant number 201900) as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship outside of the study. D Endalew and M Moradi report additional funding from Wolkite University. M Ausloos, C Herteliu, and A Pana report additional funding from the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI (project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084) outside of the study. C Herteliu reports additional funding from the European Fund for Regional Development through Operational Program for Competitiveness (Project ID P_40_382) and the European Fund for Regional Development, through InterReg Romania-Hungary (project code EMS ROHU 217) outside of the study. P Hoogar reports additional funding from the Centre for Holistic Development and Research (CHDR), Kalaghatagi and The Department of Studies in Anthropology, Karnatak University, D S Islam reports additional funding from the National Heart Foundation of Australia and the Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University outside of the study. A Khatony reports additional funding from the Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Reza Hospital in Kermanshah outside of the study. J Khubchandani reports additional funding from Merck Research Laboratories outside of the study. K Krishan reports additional funding from the UGC Center of Advanced Study (CAS II) awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India outside of the study. M Kumar reports additional funding from the Fogarty Foundation/NIH through a K43 award (TW010716-01A1) outside of the study. B Lacey reports additional funding from the National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence (Oxford, UK) outside of the study. A M Samy reports additional funding from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program (EFMP) outside of the study. S Seyedmousavi reports additional funding from the Intramural Program of National Institute of Health Clinical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA outside of the study. M Shey reports additional funding from the Wellcome Trust Kenji Shibuya reports additional funding from Japan's Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare and Japan's Ministry of Education, Culture, Sport, Science and Technology outside of the study. M Sobhiyeh reports additional funding from the Clinical Research Development Center of Imam Reza Hospital, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences outside of the study. J Soriano reports additional funding from Centro de Investigaci?n en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain outside of the study. N Taveira reports additional funding from the LIFE study (RIA2016MC-1615) of the European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP) program supported by the European Union outside of the study. B Unnikrishnan reports additional funding from the Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, India outside of the study. T Wijeratne reports additional funding from the Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rajarata, Saliyapura, Sri Lanka outside of the study. C S Wiysonge reports additional funding from the South African Medical Research Council and the National Research Foundation of South Africa outside of the study. Editorial note: the Lancet Group takes a neutral position with respect to territorial claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. C A T Antonio reports grants and personal fees from Johnson & Johnson (Philippines), outside the submitted work. S J Dunachie reports grants from The Fleming Fund at UK Department of Health & Social Care, during the conduct of the study. M Jakovljevic reports grants from Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of The Republic of Serbia, outside the submitted work. J J Jóźwiak reports personal fees from ALAB Laboratoria and non-financial support from MICROLIFE and SERVIER, outside the submitted work. N Kissoon is the Vice President of the GSA and the Canadian Sepsis Foundation. W März reports grants from Siemens Healthineers, AstraZeneca, Bayer Vital, bestbion dx, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma, Immundiagnostik, Merck Chemicals, MSD, Novartis Pharma, and Olink Proteomics; grants and personal fees from Aegerion Pharmaceuticals, AMGEN, Sanofi, Alexion Pharmaceuticals, BASF, Abbott Diagnostics, Numares AG, Berlin-Chemie, and Akzea Therapeutics; and other from Synlab Holding Deutschland, all outside the submitted work. M J Postma reports grants and personal fees from various pharmaceutical industries, all outside the submitted work; and M J Postma holds stocks in Ingress Health and Pharmacoeconomics Advice Groningen (PAG Ltd) and is adviser to Asc Academics, all pharmacoeconomic consultancy companies. G Remuzzi reports personal fees and non-financial support from Alnylam, Boehringer Ingelheim, Handok Ink, Inception Sciences Canada, and Achillion Pharmaceuticals, outside the submitted work. J A Singh reports personal fees from Crealta/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, UBM LLC, Medscape, WebMD, Clinical Care options, Clearview healthcare partners, Putnam associates, Spherix, the National Institutes of Health and the American College of Rheumatology; stock options in Amarin pharmaceuticals and Viking pharmaceuticals; and participation in the speaker's bureau of Simply Speaking and in the steering committee of OMERACT, an international organisation that develops measures for clinical trials and receives arm's length funding from 12 pharmaceutical companies, including Amgen, Janssen, Novartis, Roche, UCB Group, Ardea/AstraZeneca, Bristol Myers Squibb, Celgene, EliLilly, Horizon Pharma, Pfizer, and Centrexion. K Shibuya reports grants from Japan Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare and Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, during the conduct of the study. All other authors declare no competing interests.

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