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Measuring performance on the Healthcare Access and Quality Index for 195 countries and territories and selected subnational locations: A systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

  • GBD 2016 Healthcare Access and Quality Collaborators
    • University of Washington
    • Addis Ababa University
    • University of Rome La Sapienza
    • Cairo University
    • Haramaya University
    • Gondar University
    • Hawassa University
    • Hôpital Dupuytren
    • Mekelle University
    • Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
    • Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City
    • University of Queensland
    • Obafemi Awolowo University
    • University of Stellenbosch
    • University of Southern Denmark
    • Tehran University of Medical Sciences
    • McMaster University
    • Directorate for Health Information and Research
    • Malta College of Family Doctors
    • CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology
    • Baylor College of Medicine
    • Public Health Foundation of India
    • Lund University
    • Higher National Veterinary School
    • Debere Berhan University
    • University of Ibadan
    • Newcastle University
    • University of Alabama at Birmingham
    • University of Toronto
    • University of Baghdad
    • Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN
    • Syrian American Medical Society
    • Washington University St. Louis
    • University of Western Australia
    • Ministry of Health, Oman
    • Australian National University
    • King Saud University
    • Alfaisal University
    • University of London
    • SIR Management Consultants
    • Institute and Faculty of Actuaries
    • Qazvin University of Medical Sciences
    • Kuwait University
    • Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
    • Luxembourg Institute of Health
    • Université de Lorraine
    • Karolinska Institutet
    • Jordan University of Science and Technology
    • King Abdulaziz University
    • Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin
    • Universidad de Cartagena
    • University of Adelaide
    • Bahar Dar University
    • Ministry of Public Health Lebanon
    • Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital
    • Mansoura University
    • Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy
    • University of Thessaly
    • University of the Philippines
    • Ministério da Saúde do Brasil
    • Dalarna University
    • University of Manitoba
    • Nepal Health Research Council
    • University of Oslo
    • Qom University of Medical Sciences
    • South Asian Public Health Forum
    • Wolaita Sodo University
    • Centre for Clinical Global Health Education
    • Padmashree Dr. D.Y. Patil University
    • Keimyung University
    • Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica
    • Institut de Recherche Clinique du Bénin
    • Laboratoire d'Etudes et de Recherche-Action en Santé (LERAS Afrique)
    • Indian Institute of Public Health
    • La Trobe University
    • Peruvian National Institute of Health
    • Debre Markos University
    • McGill University
    • Dilla University
    • The University of Tokyo
    • Institute of Medical Research and Plant Medicinal Studies-Cameroon
    • University of South Africa
    • Burnet Institute
    • University of Melbourne
    • South Australian Health And Medical Research Institute
    • University of Malta
    • University of Lagos
    • Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
    • Radboud University Nijmegen
    • Public Health Agency of Canada
    • Medical University of Łódź
    • University College London
    • Public Health Perspective Nepal
    • Caja Costarricense de Seguro Social
    • University of Costa Rica
    • The University of Auckland
    • Harvard University
    • Africa Health Research Institute
    • Institute of Public Health
    • Universidad Javeriana
    • Barcelona Institute for Global Health
    • ICREA
    • Stanford University
    • Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science
    • University of California at Los Angeles
    • Jazan University
    • IRCCS Istituto di ricerche farmacologiche Mario Negri - Milano, Bergamo, Ranica
    • Social Determinants of Health Research Center
    • Iran University of Medical Sciences
    • Lorestan University of Medical Sciences
    • Mizan-Tepi University
    • Dr Tewelde Legesse Health Sciences College
    • Yale University
    • University of Alberta
    • University of Oxford
    • Universidade de São Paulo
    • University of Groningen
    • King's College London
    • Emory University
    • University of South Florida
    • Bucharest Emergency Hospital
    • Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research
    • Medtronic
    • Aga Khan University
    • Social Determinant of Health Research Center
    • St. Paul‘s Hospital Millennium Medical College
    • Jigjiga University
    • Heidelberg University 
    • London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
    • Comenius University
    • Ohio State University
    • German Cancer Research Center
    • Instituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología de Panamá
    • University of Leicester
    • Al-Shifa Trust Eye Hospital
    • Nanyang Technological University
    • Imperial College London
    • Ministry of Health of the Republic of Croatia
    • Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana
    • Faculty of Pharmacy
    • Instituto Nacional de Salud
    • Universidad Nacional de Colombia
    • University of Valencia
    • University of Ottawa
    • National Health Research Institutes Taiwan
    • National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University
    • National Taiwan University
    • International Institute for Population Sciences
    • Tata Memorial Hospital
    • Gold Coast Health
    • University of Zambia
    • University of the Witwatersrand
    • Seoul National University
    • University of Copenhagen
    • Christian Medical College
    • University of Salerno
    • University of Milan - Bicocca
    • NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre
    • University of Southampton
    • Research Centre on Public Health
    • Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul
    • University of California at San Diego
    • University of Otago
    • Flinders University
    • Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust
    • King George's Medical University
    • University of Porto
    • Kazakh National Medical University
    • Monash University
    • Griffith University Queensland
    • Heidelberg Institute of Public Health
    • University of Colorado Denver
    • Aksum University
    • Brighton and Sussex Medical School
    • Yeshiva University
    • Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
    • University of Peradeniya
    • Undersecretary for Research and Technology
    • University of Cape Coast Ghana
    • Tampere University
    • University of New South Wales
    • University of Rochester
    • Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina
    • Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University
    • University of Sydney
    • University of Belgrade
    • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
    • Umeå University
    • University of Michigan, Ann Arbor
    • Arba Minch University
    • Iranian Ministry of Health and Medical Education
    • Arak University of Medical Sciences
    • Babol University of Medical Sciences
    • Universidade Federal de Sergipe
    • Doctor Evidence
    • Auckland University of Technology
    • Behavior and Society
    • Department of Chemical Sciences
    • Catholic University of Portugal
    • Brandeis University
    • Kaiser Permanente
    • Bielefeld University
    • Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
    • Fundação Oswaldo Cruz
    • Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo
    • National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine
    • University of Basel
    • National Center for Disease Control and Public Health
    • Jimma University Ethiopia
    • Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
    • Wageningen University & Research
    • Health Research Institute
    • The University of Warwick
    • Université de Bourgogne
    • Kersa Health and Demographic Surveillance System
    • Jawaharlal Nehru University
    • University of Massachusetts Boston
    • Government of the Federated States of Micronesia
    • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
    • Boston University
    • Vittorio Emanuele University Hospital Polyclinic
    • NNEdPro Global Centre for Nutrition and Health
    • Saint James School of Medicine
    • West Virginia Bureau for Public Health
    • Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute
    • Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur
    • University of Delhi
    • Erasmus University Rotterdam
    • Western University
    • Kilte Awlaelo Health and Demographic Surveillance System
    • Arabian Gulf University
    • Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University
    • Western Australian Neuroscience Research Institute
    • Eunice Gibson Polyclinic
    • Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology
    • CIBER - Center for Biomedical Research Network
    • Murdoch Children's Research Institute
    • Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences
    • Curtin University
    • Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies
    • University of Panama
    • Department of Statistics and Econometrics
    • Samara University
    • Mailman School of Public Health
    • Guilan Road Trauma Research Center (GUMS)
    • Yokohama City University
    • Public Health Division
    • Université de Tunis El Manar
    • International Relations Division
    • Central South University
    • Aarhus University
    • Sriwijaya University
    • Social Security Administering Body for Health
    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
    • University of the Western Cape
    • The Bucharest University of Economic Studies
    • National Public Health Institute of Liberia
    • National Institute for Health Development
    • Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences
    • American Cancer Society
    • United States Agency for International Development
    • George Mason University
    • Jain Hospital
    • National Centre for Disease Control
    • University of Kragujevac
    • University of Aberdeen
    • University of Colombo
    • Institute for Violence and Injury Prevention
    • Centre for Control of Chronic Conditions
    • Centre for Chronic Disease Control
    • Banaras Hindu University
    • The George Institute for Global Health
    • Częstochowa University of Technology
    • National Institute of Epidemiology
    • University of Tartu
    • University College Cork
    • The London School of Economics and Political Science
    • SCB Medical College
    • European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies
    • Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research
    • Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute
    • Quality and Equity Health Care
    • University of Glasgow
    • Oklahoma State University
    • University of Nairobi
    • South African Medical Research Council
    • University of Cape Town
    • Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences
    • Health Services Academy
    • United Arab Emirates University
    • University of Newcastle
    • Jatiya Kabi Kazi Nazrul Islam University
    • University of Tennessee Health Science Center
    • Health Management Information System
    • College of Health Sciences
    • Johns Hopkins University
    • Mohammed Ibn Saudi University
    • Ball State University
    • Kenya Revenue Authority
    • Synotech Consultants
    • Northeastern University
    • Xiamen University
    • Simmons College
    • University of Canberra
    • University of British Columbia
    • Global Healthcare Consulting
    • National Cerebral and Cardiovascular Center
    • Ministry of Health, Indonesia
    • Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences
    • Research and Development Unit
    • Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
    • Panjab University
    • University of Montreal
    • Zaporizhia Medical Academy of Post-Gradate Education Ministry of Health of Ukraine
    • National Institutes of Health
    • HelpMeSee, Inc.
    • Instituo Mexicano de Oftalmologia
    • Secretaria Municipal de Saúde
    • Uppsala University
    • Maragheh University of Medical Sciences
    • Nova Southeastern University
    • Hong Kong Polytechnic University
    • State University of New York System
    • Tuscany Regional Centre for Occupational Injuries and Diseases (CeRIMP)
    • VA Medical Center
    • Sichuan University
    • University of Malaya
    • Chinese University of Hong Kong
    • University of Haifa
    • Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
    • All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
    • University of Pennsylvania
    • Friedrich Schiller University Jena
    • Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig
    • Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
    • University of Liverpool
    • Swansea University
    • American University of Beirut
    • Royal Children’s Hospital
    • Aswan University
    • University of Trnava
    • Department of Primary Care and Public Health
    • Ethiopian Public Health Association
    • CEU Cardinal Herrera University
    • Hospital Moinhos de Vento
    • Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará
    • SYNLAB International GmbH
    • Medical University of Graz
    • Program in Global Surgery and Social Change
    • Chalmers University of Technology
    • University Hospitals Bristol and Weston NHS Foundation Trust
    • Public Health Wales
    • Queensland Health Pathology Service
    • Ipas
    • National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research
    • University of California at San Francisco
    • MGM Medical College
    • Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
    • University West of Florida
    • Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia
    • College of Medicine Alfaisal University
    • United Nations
    • University of Helsinki
    • Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin
    • Tufts University
    • Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation
    • Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham
    • Kyrgyz State Medical Academy
    • National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease
    • University of Salahaddin
    • Ishik University
    • Hamedan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
    • Ahmadu Bello University
    • University of Papua New Guinea
    • IRCCS Ospedale Infantile Burlo Garofolo - Trieste
    • Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease Research Center (GILDRC)
    • Lancaster University
    • Queensland University of Technology
    • National Center for Child Health and Development
    • Federal Institute for Population Research
    • Indian Council of Medical Research
    • University of Jos
    • Universiti Sains Malaysia
    • Helping Hands Foundation
    • Nishtar Medical University
    • Ulm University
    • International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research Bangladesh
    • Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
    • Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII
    • Suraj Eye Institute
    • Université de Yaoundé I
    • Ministère de la santé publique de Cameroun
    • Hospital Universitário Ciências Médicas
    • Wellcome Trust Research Laboratories Nairobi
    • Duy Tan University
    • Semarang State University
    • Taipei Medical University
    • University of Bergen
    • Medical Diagnostic Centre
    • Rwanda Ministry of Health
    • Faculty of Health Sciences
    • Centre for Health Research
    • Kyung Hee University
    • University of KwaZulu-Natal
    • Lagos University Teaching Hospital
    • Universidad Autónoma de Chile
    • Centre for Healthy Start Initiative
    • Lira Municipal Council
    • San Diego State University
    • Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
    • Karabuk University
    • JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research
    • Medical Faculty Mannheim
    • Kosin University
    • White Plains Hospital Center
    • Deemed University
    • Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
    • Diabetes Research Society
    • DiabetOmics
    • UK Department for International Development
    • University of Gothenburg
    • Shanghai Jiao Tong University
    • Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
    • Durban University of Technology
    • Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences
    • Charotar University of Science and Technology
    • Fred Hollows Foundation
    • Alborz University of Medical Sciences
    • Commemorative Gorgas Institute for Health Studies
    • Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine
    • Contech International Health Consultants
    • Contech School of Public Health
    • BRAC University
    • Sweidi Hospital
    • Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance
    • Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences
    • WHO Collaborating Centre
    • Hampshire Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
    • Human Sciences Research Council South Africa
    • Loma Linda University Health
    • Azienda Socio-Sanitaria Territoriale
    • University of Milan
    • Western Sydney University
    • Brien Holden Vision Institute
    • School of Optometry and Vision Science
    • Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
    • Universidade Federal de Uberlândia
    • Golestan University of Medical Sciences
    • School of Medicine
    • Institute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry
    • Bhabha Atomic Research Centre
    • Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences
    • National Institute for Research in Environmental Health
    • Prince of Wales Hospital
    • School of Nursing
    • Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
    • Ain Shams University
    • Marshall University
    • Case Western Reserve University
    • Sancheti Institute for Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation
    • Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
    • Utkal University
    • Norwegian Institute of Public Health
    • Bayer Turkey
    • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
    • Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
    • North West University
    • Croatian National Institute of Public Health
    • University of Zagreb
    • New York University
    • Middle East Liver Disease Center
    • Deakin University
    • Delhi Technological University
    • Fudan University
    • University of Edinburgh
    • College of Health Sciences and Referral Hospital
    • National Institute of Infectious Diseases
    • Tachikawa Hospital
    • Finnish Institute of Occupational Health
    • Symbiosis International University
    • KEM Hospital
    • University of Technology Sydney
    • Reykjavík University
    • REQUIMTE
    • Universidade de Brasília
    • Max Hospital
    • Asthma Bhawan
    • School of Preventive Oncology
    • Ethiopian Medical Association
    • Columbia University
    • Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa
    • Tunisian Center for Public Health
    • Dartmouth College
    • Hospital Universitario de la Princesa
    • International Medical University
    • National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
    • University of East Anglia
    • Public Health England
    • University of California at Irvine
    • Egas Moniz - Cooperative of Higher Education, CRL
    • University of Lisbon
    • University of Virginia
    • King Fahad Medical City
    • Cleveland Clinic Foundation
    • School of Public Health
    • University of Calgary
    • Jagiellonian University Medical College
    • Wrocław Medical University
    • Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
    • Hanoi Medical University
    • University of Louisville
    • National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis
    • University of Barcelona
    • Department of Veterans Affairs
    • Federal Teaching Hospital
    • Gomal University
    • Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital
    • University of Nigeria
    • Sociedad Argentina de Medicina
    • Velez Sarsfield Hospital
    • UKK Institute
    • Raffles Hospital
    • University of Bologna
    • Federal Research Institute for Health Organization and Informatics of the Ministry of Health (FRIHOI)
    • Higher School of Economics
    • Center for Disease Burden
    • Foundation University Medical College
    • Georgetown University
    • The Natural History Museum, London
    • Xi'an Jiaotong University
    • Cancer Registry of Norway Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research
    • UiT The Arctic University of Norway
    • Folkhalsan
    • Competence Center Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort
    • German National Cohort Consortium
    • VitroLive Sp z o.o.
    • Technical University of Munich
    • Ghent University
    • NHS National Services Scotland
    • University of Strathclyde
    • St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences
    • Nanjing University
    • Duke Kunshan University
    • Northwestern University
    • Ophthalmic Research Center
    • Woldia University
    • The University of Hong Kong
    • University of South Australia
    • Kyoto University
    • Korea University
    • Université de Kinshasa
    • Jackson State University
    • Wuhan University
    • Institute of Oncology Ljubljana
    • University Hospital of Setif
    • National Office of MCH Surveillance of China

    Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

    846 Citations (SciVal)
    Original languageEnglish
    Pages (from-to)2236-2271
    Number of pages36
    JournalThe Lancet
    Volume391
    Issue number10136
    DOIs
    Publication statusPublished (VoR) - 2 Jun 2018

    Funding

    Barbora de Courten is supported by a National Heart Foundation Future Leader Fellowship (100864). Ai Koyanagi's work is supported by the Miguel Servet contract financed by the CP13/00150 and PI15/00862 projects, integrated into the National R + D + I and funded by the ISCIII —General Branch Evaluation and Promotion of Health Research—and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF-FEDER). Alberto Ortiz was supported by Spanish Government (Instituto de Salud Carlos III RETIC REDINREN RD16/0019 FEDER funds). Ashish Awasthi acknowledges funding support from Department of Science and Technology, Government of India through INSPIRE Faculty scheme Boris Bikbov has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under Marie Sklodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 703226. Boris Bikbov acknowledges that work related to this paper has been done on the behalf of the GBD Genitourinary Disease Expert Group. Panniyammakal Jeemon acknowledges support from the clinical and public health intermediate fellowship from the Wellcome Trust and Department of Biotechnology, India Alliance (2015–20). Job F M van Boven was supported by the Department of Clinical Pharmacy & Pharmacology of the University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Netherlands. Olanrewaju Oladimeji is an African Research Fellow hosted by Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC), South Africa and he also has honorary affiliations with Walter Sisulu University (WSU), Eastern Cape, South Africa and School of Public Health, University of Namibia (UNAM), Namibia. He is indeed grateful for support from HSRC, WSU and UNAM. EUI is supported in part by the South African National Research Foundation (NRF UID: 86003). Ulrich Mueller acknowledges funding by the German National Cohort Study grant No 01ER1511/D, Gabrielle B Britton is supported by Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación and Sistema Nacional de Investigación de Panamá. Giuseppe Remuzzi acknowledges that the work related to this paper has been done on behalf of the GBD Genitourinary Disease Expert Group. Behzad Heibati would like to acknowledge Air pollution Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences (IUMS), Tehran, Iran. Syed Aljunid acknowledges the National University of Malaysia for providing the approval to participate in this GBD Project. Azeem Majeed and Imperial College London are grateful for support from the Northwest London National Insititute of Health Research (NIHR) Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research & Care. Tambe Ayuk acknowledges the Institute of Medical Research and Medicinal Plant Studies for office space provided. José das Neves was supported in his contribution to this work by a Fellowship from Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia, Portugal (SFRH/BPD/92934/2013). João Fernandes gratefully acknowledges funding from FCT–Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (grant number UID/Multi/50016/2013). Jan-Walter De Neve was supported by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Kebede Deribe is funded by a Wellcome Trust Intermediate Fellowship in Public Health and Tropical Medicine (201900). Kazem Rahimi was supported by grants from the Oxford Martin School, the NIHR Oxford BRC and the RCUK Global Challenges Research Fund. Laith J Abu-Raddad acknowledges the support of Qatar National Research Fund (NPRP 9-040-3-008) who provided the main funding for generating the data provided to the GBD-IHME effort. Liesl Zuhlke is funded by the national research foundation of South Africa and the Medical Research Council of South Africa. Monica Cortinovis acknowledges that work related to this paper has been done on the behalf of the GBD Genitourinary Disease Expert Group. Chuanhua Yu acknowleges support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 81773552 and grant number 81273179) Norberto Perico acknowledges that work related to this paper has been done on behalf of the GBD Genitourinary Disease Expert Group. Charles Shey Wiysonge's work is supported by the South African Medical Research Council and the National Research Foundation of South Africa (grant numbers 106035 and 108571). John J McGrath is supported by grant APP1056929 from the John Cade Fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council and the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professorship). Quique Bassat is an ICREA (Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies) research professor at ISGlobal. Richard G White is funded by the UK MRC and the UK Department for International Development (DFID) under the MRC/DFID Concordat agreement that is also part of the EDCTP2 programme supported by the European Union (MR/P002404/1), the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (TB Modelling and Analysis Consortium: OPP1084276/OPP1135288, CORTIS: OPP1137034/OPP1151915, Vaccines: OPP1160830), and UNITAID (4214-LSHTM-Sept15; PO 8477-0-600). Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos was supported in part by grant number PROMETEOII/2015/021 from Generalitat Valenciana and the national grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII-FEDER. Mihajlo Jakovljevic acknowleges contribution from the Serbian Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (grant OI 175 014). Shariful Islam is funded by a Senior Fellowship from Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Deakin University and received career transition grants from High Blood Pressure Research Council of Australia. Sonia Saxena is funded by various grants from the NIHR. Stefanos Tyrovolas was supported by the Foundation for Education and European Culture, the Sara Borrell postdoctoral program (reference number CD15/00019 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII–Spain) and the Fondos Europeo de Desarrollo Regional. Stefanos was awarded with a 6 months visiting fellowship funding at IHME from M-AES (reference no. MV16/00035 from the Instituto de Salud Carlos III). S Vittal Katikreddi was funded by a NHS Research Scotland Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02), the MRC (MC_UU_12017/13 & MC_UU_12017/15) and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU13 & SPHSU15). Traolach S Brugha has received funding from NHS Digital UK to collect data used in this study. The work of Hamid Badali was financially supported by Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. The work of Stefan Lorkowski is funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (nutriCARD, Grant agreement number 01EA1411A). Mariam Molokhia's research was supported by the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London. The views expressed are those of the author(s) and not necessarily those of the NHS, the NIHR or the Department of Health. We also thank the countless individuals who have contributed to GBD 2016 in various capacities. Carl Abelardo T Antonio reports grants and personal fees from Johnson & Johnson (Philippines), Inc, outside the submitted work. Johan Ärnlöv reports personal fees from AstraZeneca, outside the submitted work. Oliver Jerome Brady reports personal fees from Sanofi Pasteur, and grants from Janssen, outside the submitted work. Mir Sohail Fazeli reports personal fees from Doctor Evidence LLC, outside the submitted work. Panniyammakal Jeemon reports and Clinical and public health intermediate fellowship from the Wellcome Trust and Department of Biotechnology, India Alliance (2015–20), outside the submitted work. Jacek Józwiak reports grants and personal fees from VALEANT, personal fees from ALAB Laboratoria, personal fees from AMGEN, non-financial support from MICROLIFE, non-financial support from SERVIER, outside the submitted work. Nicholas J Kassebaum reports personal fees and non-financial support from Vifor Pharmaceuticals, outside the submitted work. Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi reports grants from National Health Service (NHS) Research Scotland (SCAF/15/02), grants from Medical Research Council (MRC; MC_UU_12017/13 & MC_UU_12017/15), and grants from Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU13 & SPHSU15), during the conduct of the study. Jeffrey Victor Lazarus reports grants and personal fees from AbbVie, grants and personal fees from Gilead Sciences, grants and personal fees from MSD, personal fees from CEPHEID, outside the submitted work. Stefan Lorkowski reports that he is a member of the Executive Board of the German Nutrition Society, outside of the submitted work. Ronan A Lyons is supported by the Farr Institute, outside of the submitted work, which is supported by a 10-funder consortium: Arthritis Research UK, the British Heart Foundation, Cancer Research UK, the Economic and Social Research Council, the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, the Medical Research Council, the National Institute of Health Research, the Health and Care Research Wales (Welsh Assembly Government), the Chief Scientist Office (Scottish Government Health Directorates), the Wellcome Trust, (MRC grant number MR/K006525/1). Winfried März reports grants and personal fees from Siemens Diagnostics, Aegerion Pharmaceuticals, AMGEN, AstraZeneca, Danone Research, Pfizer, BASF, Numares AG, and Berlin-Chemie, personal fees from Hoffmann LaRoche, MSD, Sanofi, and Synageva, grants from Abbott Diagnostics, and other from Synlab Holding Deutschland GmbH, outside the submitted work. Renata Micha reports support from National Institute of Health (NIH) grants during the conduct of the study, and research funding from Unilever and personal fees from the World Bank and Bunge, all outside the submitted work. Constance D Pond reports personal fees from Nutricia advisory board, outside the submitted work, and acted as an unpaid consultant to the Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre in Tasmania for development of GP education on dementia (airfares and accommodation paid), and was paid as a dementia clinical lead and dementia pathways adviser for the Sydney North Primary, outside the submitted work. Maarten J Postma reports grants personal fees from various pharma companies, and holds 2% of stocks in Ingress Health while advising two pharmacoeconomics spin-off companies from the University of Groningen, outside the submitted work. Miloje Savic reports that from Feb 1, 2018, he is an employee of GSK Biologicals SA, Wavre, Belgium. Mark G Shrime reports grants from GE Foundation and from Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, outside the submitted work. Jasvinder A Singh serves as the principal investigator for an investigator-initiated study funded by Horizon pharmaceuticals through a grant to DINORA, Inc, a 501c3 entity, and is on the steering committee of OMERACT, an international organisation that develops measures for clinical trials and receives arm's-length funding from 36 pharmaceutical companies, outside of the submitted work. Jeffrey D Stanaway reports grants from Merck, outside the submitted work. Dan J Stein reports personal fees from Lundbeck, Biocodex, Servier, and SUN, outside the submitted work. Denis Xavier reports grants from Cadila Pharmaceuticals, Boehringer Ingelheim, Sanofi Aventis, Pfizer, Bristol Myers Squibb, and United Health, outside the submitted work. All other authors declare no competing interests.

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