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Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

  • GBD 2017 SDG Collaborators
    • University of Washington
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    • University of Rome La Sapienza
    • Tehran University of Medical Sciences
    • McGill University
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    • University of Calgary
    • Ain Shams University
    • School of Nursing and Midwifery, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
    • Arak University of Medical Sciences
    • Manonmaniam Sundaranar University
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    • Human Nutrition Department
    • Debre Markos University
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    • University of Hohenheim
    • Wollega University
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    • Hôpital Dupuytren
    • Université de Limoges
    • Clinical Pharmacy Unit
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    • Weill Cornell Medical College in Qatar, Education City
    • Birzeit University
    • School of Nursing
    • Bénin Clinical Research Institute (IRCB)
    • Dongguk University
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    • Nepal Development Society
    • University of Stellenbosch
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    • Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology
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    • CSIR - Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology
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    • Syrian American Medical Society
    • Washington University St. Louis
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    • Nab'a Al-Hayat Foundation for Medical Sciences and Health Care
    • Department of Nursing
    • Institute of Public Health
    • Australian National University
    • Pediatric Intensive Care Unit
    • King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University Hospital
    • New York University Abu Dhabi
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    • Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences
    • Kuwait University
    • Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
    • Luxembourg Institute of Health
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    • Department of Environmental Health Engineering
    • United Arab Emirates University
    • Psychiatric Hospital Ain Abessa Setif
    • Medical Research Center
    • Sanaa University
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    • Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin
    • King Saud University
    • Universidad de Cartagena
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    • College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture
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    • University of Thessaly
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    • University of the Philippines
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    • Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital
    • Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology
    • School of Nursing and Midwifery
    • Dalarna University
    • Health Promotion Division
    • Research Health Related Information Dissemination Amongst Youth
    • Abt Associates Nepal
    • Qom University of Medical Sciences
    • Institute of Biomedical Science
    • School of Pharmacy
    • South Asian Public Health Forum
    • Mashhad University of Medical Sciences
    • Department of Medical Laboratory Science
    • The University of Lahore
    • University of Hail
    • Johns Hopkins University
    • Padmashree Dr. D.Y. Patil University
    • Keimyung University
    • University of Leicester
    • Center for Health Systems Research
    • Laboratory of Studies and Research-Action in Health
    • Indian Institute of Public Health
    • La Trobe University
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    • The University of Tokyo
    • Western University
    • Burnet Institute
    • University of Malta
    • University of Lagos
    • Center for Infectious Diseases Research
    • Department of Medical Mycology
    • Public Health Agency of Canada
    • Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research
    • School of Public Health
    • Medical University of Łódź
    • Institute of Polish Mother's Health Center
    • University College London
    • Alexandria University
    • University Hospital Foundation Santa Fe de Bogotá
    • Public Health Perspective Nepal
    • Clinical Center of Serbia
    • University of Belgrade
    • Costa Rican Department of Social Security
    • University of Costa Rica
    • The University of Auckland
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    • Universidad Javeriana
    • Barcelona Institute for Global Health
    • Manhiça Health Research Center
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    • Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science
    • University of California at Los Angeles
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    • Gandhi Medical College
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    • Social Determinants of Health Research Center
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    • Department of Public Health
    • Yale University
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    • Bucharest Emergency Hospital
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    • University of Birmingham
    • Department of Internal Medicine
    • Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research
    • London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
    • Nepal Academy of Science and Technology
    • The George Institute for Global Health
    • Aga Khan University
    • Department of Clinical Chemistry
    • Social Determinant of Health Research Center
    • Department of Renal Medicine
    • Woldia University
    • University of Dhaka
    • University of Bologna
    • Guillain-Barre Syndrome/Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy Foundation International
    • United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS)
    • RTI International
    • University of Nottingham
    • Kirksville College of Osteopathic Medicine
    • St. Paul‘s Hospital Millennium Medical College
    • University of Oslo
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    • Danube University Krems
    • Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais
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    • Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies
    • Partners in Health
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    • Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica
    • University of the Valley of Cuernavaca
    • Department of Disease Control
    • Centre for Population Health Sciences
    • Imperial College London
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    • The University of the West Indies
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    • Tata Memorial Hospital
    • Clinical Governance
    • Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine
    • University of Zambia
    • University of the Witwatersrand
    • Ministry of Health, Iraq
    • University of Cambridge
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    • University of Salerno
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    • Universidad Autónoma de Chile
    • NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre
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    • Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, FL
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    • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
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    • Hawassa University
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    • Central University of Tamil Nadu
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    • Kazakh National Medical University
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    • Department of Nutrition and Dietetics
    • African Population and Health Research Center
    • University of Colorado Denver
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    • National Health Service Scotland
    • Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
    • Disha Foundation
    • University of Peradeniya
    • Nepal Health Research Council
    • Department of Nutrition
    • Deputy of Research and Technology
    • Medical University of Varna
    • University of Cape Coast Ghana
    • Tampere University
    • University of Sydney
    • National Center for Chronic and Noncommunicable Disease Control and Prevention
    • United Nations World Food Programme
    • Universidade Federal da Bahia
    • Roberto Santos General Hospital
    • Umeå University
    • Department of Health Metrics Sciences
    • Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology
    • School of Public Health
    • Center of Communicable Disease Control
    • Urmia University of Medical Sciences
    • Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
    • Babol University of Medical Sciences
    • Al-Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University
    • University of Louisville
    • National Statistical Office
    • Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences
    • Universidade Federal de Sergipe
    • Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
    • Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
    • Hamedan University of Medical Sciences and Health Services
    • Auckland University of Technology
    • Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
    • Department of Psychiatry
    • Department of Public Health Nutrition
    • Catholic University of Portugal
    • Brandeis University
    • University of Memphis
    • Kaiser Permanente
    • Robert Koch-Institut
    • Division of Hematology
    • Fundação Oswaldo Cruz
    • Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo
    • National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine
    • James Cook University Queensland
    • Cancer Institute
    • Kobe University
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    • University of Basel
    • Department of Environmental Health Science
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    • University of Groningen
    • NOVA University Lisbon
    • Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge
    • Tuberculosis Department
    • Tuberculosis
    • International Trachoma Initiative
    • Curtin University
    • College of Health Sciences
    • Wageningen University & Research
    • Department of Public Health
    • Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg
    • Department of Biostatistics
    • Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
    • Health Research Institute
    • University of Tsukuba
    • Fortis Healthcare
    • National Public Health Institute
    • Texas Tech University
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    • Russian Academy of Medical Sciences
    • International Institute for Population Sciences
    • Jawaharlal Nehru University
    • University of Massachusetts Boston
    • University of Oklahoma
    • Government of the Federated States of Micronesia
    • National Cancer Center Research Institute
    • Boston University
    • Vittorio Emanuele University Hospital Polyclinic
    • Saint James School of Medicine
    • Université de Lorraine
    • Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros
    • Harvard University
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    • West Virginia Bureau for Public Health
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    • Rajasthan University of Health Sciences
    • Eternal Heart Care Centre and Research Institute
    • Yeshiva University
    • Erasmus University Rotterdam
    • Anatomy Unit
    • Biomedical Sciences Division
    • Arabian Gulf University
    • Hamdan Bin Mohammed Smart University
    • Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital
    • Ministry of Public Health Lebanon
    • Cardiology Department
    • Tabriz University of Medical Sciences
    • Research and Development Unit
    • University of Barcelona
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    • University of Antwerp
    • Teikyo University
    • Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences
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    • The Bucharest University of Economic Studies
    • ACS Medical College and Hospital
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    • Guilan Road Trauma Research Center (GUMS)
    • Guilan University of Medical Sciences
    • Manipal Academy of Higher Education
    • Yokohama City University
    • Department of Epidemiology and Population Health
    • University of Human Development
    • National Institute of Legal Medicine Mina Minovici
    • Université de Tunis El Manar
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    • National Centre for Disease Control
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    • Banaras Hindu University
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    • Centre for Community Medicine
    • Częstochowa University of Technology
    • University of Opole
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    • Centre for Global Chronic Conditions
    • European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies
    • Baqiyatallah Medical Sciences University
    • Middle East Liver Disease Center
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    • Health Services Academy
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    • Indian Council of Medical Research
    • Department of Psychiatry
    • International Otorhinolaryngology Research Association (IORA)
    • Ball State University
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    • Kenya Revenue Authority
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    • Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center
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    • University of British Columbia
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    • Sher-I-Kashmir Institute of Medical Sciences
    • Panjab University
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    • Yuksek Ihtisas Universitesi
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    • University of Milan - Bicocca
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    • Academy of Medical Science
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    • National Institute of Nutrition
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    • Hong Kong Polytechnic University
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    • National Institute for Health Development
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    • Shenzhen Sun Yatsen Cardiovascular Hospital
    • National Office for Maternal and Child Health Surveillance
    • National Center of Birth Defects Monitoring of China
    • Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention
    • University of Malaya
    • Chinese University of Hong Kong
    • University of Haifa
    • Centre for Chronic Disease Control
    • Department of Paediatrics
    • University of Bari
    • Fondazione Cardinale Giovanni Panico Hospital
    • Friedrich Schiller University Jena
    • Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig
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    • World Bank
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    • Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology of Ceará
    • Department of Public Health Medicine
    • Chalmers University of Technology
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    • Department of Health Services Research and Policy
    • Alaska Native Medical Center
    • Ipas
    • Janakpuri Super Specialty Hospital Society
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    • Sevenhills Hospital
    • Wollo University
    • Debre Tabor University
    • University West of Florida
    • Research Department Prince Mohammed Bin Abdulaziz Hospital
    • United Nations
    • School of Medicine
    • Center for Translation Research and Implementation Science
    • University of Helsinki
    • Clinical Microbiology and Parasitology Unit
    • University North
    • Ethiopian Academy of Medical Science
    • Emergency Department
    • Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin
    • Department of Hypertension
    • Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation
    • Employees' State Insurance Model Hospital
    • Bellingham Technical College
    • Whatcom Community College
    • Fatemeh Zahra Infertility and Reproductive Health Center
    • Nevada Division of Public and Behavioral Health
    • Kyrgyz State Medical Academy
    • National Center of Cardiology and Internal Disease
    • Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences
    • University of Salahaddin
    • Ishik University
    • Department of Physiology and Pharmacology
    • Isfahan University of Medical Sciences
    • Department of Immunology
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    • Narayana Health
    • Madras Medical College
    • IRCCS Ospedale Infantile Burlo Garofolo - Trieste
    • Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences
    • Department of Urology
    • Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences
    • Lancaster University
    • Queensland University of Technology
    • Hospital Geral de Santo Antonio
    • National Center for Child Health and Development
    • Department of Surgery
    • Tarbiat Modarres University
    • National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
    • Academy of Athens
    • Federal Institute for Population Research
    • Center for Population and Health
    • Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research Kolkatta
    • National Institute of Epidemiology
    • University of Jos
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    • Universiti Sains Malaysia
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    • Institute of Mother & Child Care
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    • Department of Cardiology
    • Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics
    • Azienda Sanitaria Ulss 6 Vicenza
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    • Suraj Eye Institute
    • Université de Yaoundé I
    • Mercy Health Partners
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    • Ministry of Health, Community Development, Gender, Elders and Children, Tanzania
    • University of Embu
    • Hanoi School of Public Health
    • Semarang State University
    • Department of Health
    • Department of International Health and Collaboration
    • University of Bergen
    • Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center
    • Aix-Marseille Université
    • Independent Consultant
    • Abia State University, Uturu
    • Western Sydney University
    • Kyung Hee University
    • Society for Family Health Nigeria
    • Center for the AID Program of Research in South Africa (CAPRISA), TB and HIV Pathogenesis Unit, United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS +++UNAIDS)
    • Human Sciences Research Council South Africa
    • University of Namibia
    • University of Adelaide
    • Centre for Healthy Start Initiative
    • Ministry of Health Brunei
    • University of Brunei Darussalam
    • Lira District Local Government
    • San Diego State University
    • Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
    • University of Maryland, Baltimore
    • Center for Population Health Research
    • Jönköping University
    • St. Luke's International University
    • Russian Ministry of Health
    • Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
    • JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research
    • Academia Sinica - Institute of Biomedical Sciences
    • Center for Health Outcomes & Evaluation
    • Department of Fertility Studies
    • Kosin University
    • Maimonides Medical Center
    • International Institute of Health Management Research
    • Population Health Group
    • Diabetes Research Society
    • DiabetOmics
    • Save the Children
    • Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
    • Department of Medical Statistics
    • Independent Consultant
    • University of Virginia
    • University of Gothenburg
    • Shanghai Jiao Tong University
    • Durban University of Technology
    • University of Newcastle
    • Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences
    • Alborz University of Medical Sciences
    • University of Ghana
    • Medichem
    • Contech School of Public Health
    • Department of Public Health and Mortality Studies
    • Global Public Health Research Foundation
    • Sweidi Hospital
    • North-West University
    • Society for Health and Demographic Surveillance
    • University of Göttingen
    • Department of Health Education and Promotion
    • Innsbruck Medical University
    • University of Health Sciences Lahore
    • Yonsei University, Wonju
    • Department of Medicine
    • Public Health England
    • Loma Linda University Health
    • IRCCS Istituto di ricerche farmacologiche Mario Negri - Milano, Bergamo, Ranica
    • School of Social Sciences and Psychology
    • Brien Holden Vision Institute
    • Organization for the Prevention of Blindness
    • Department of Tobacco Research
    • Department of Pediatrics
    • Birjand University of Medical Sciences
    • Universidade Federal de Uberlândia
    • Golestan University of Medical Sciences
    • Division of Cardiology
    • Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam
    • Southern University of Science and Technology
    • School of Public Health
    • Prince of Wales Hospital
    • University of Sharjah
    • Department of Food Technology and Quality Control
    • All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi
    • York University Toronto
    • Punjab University College of Pharmacy
    • Chest Research Foundation
    • Ministry of Health, New Zealand
    • Marshall University
    • Case Western Reserve University
    • University of Massachusetts Medical School
    • Hamad Medical Corporation
    • Bournemouth University
    • Utkal University
    • Udyam-Global Association for Sustainable Development
    • GlaxoSmithKline
    • University of North Carolina at Charlotte
    • Market Access
    • Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina
    • German Cancer Research Center
    • Unit for Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease
    • Department of Psychology
    • Department of Operative and Preventive Dentistry
    • University of Zagreb
    • Croatian National Institute of Public Health
    • Immunoregulation Research Center
    • Department of Health Policy
    • An-Najah National University
    • Independent Consultant
    • Sports Medicine and Rehabilitation
    • Chronic Diseases (Home Care) Research Center
    • Islamic Azad University
    • Ministry of Health
    • Delhi Technological University
    • Department of Health
    • Fudan University
    • University of Edinburgh
    • Division of General Internal Medicine and Primary Care
    • Tufts University
    • National Institute of Infectious Diseases
    • Finnish Institute of Occupational Health
    • Washington State University Pullman
    • Symbiosis International University
    • University of Technology Sydney
    • Reykjavík University
    • Portuguese Institute of Sport and Youth
    • Universidade de Brasília
    • Max Hospital
    • The Energy and Resources Institute India
    • Asthma Bhawan
    • School of Preventive Oncology
    • Department of Diseases and Noncommunicable Diseases and Health Promotion
    • LKCMedicine
    • Hospital Universitario de la Princesa
    • Department of Mathematical Modeling in Health Care
    • Clinical Neurological Sciences
    • International Medical University
    • Institute of Chartered Accountants of India
    • Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology
    • International Agency for Research on Cancer
    • Muhammadiyah University of Surakarta
    • Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences
    • University of California at Riverside
    • University of California at Irvine
    • Neurology Department
    • Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology
    • University of Valencia
    • Instituto de Salud Carlos III
    • Osaka Prefectural Hospital Organization
    • and Diabetes
    • Africa Health Research Institute
    • University of KwaZulu-Natal
    • Jigjiga University
    • New York Medical College
    • Egas Moniz - Cooperative of Higher Education, CRL
    • University of Lisbon
    • Alkan Health Science
    • Syrian Expatriate Medical Association (SEMA)
    • Department of Medical Microbiology
    • Nanyang Technological University
    • Adaptive Knowledge Management
    • World Health Organization
    • Department of Pediatrics
    • Hanoi Medical University
    • Vietnam Military Medical University
    • National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis
    • Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine
    • Cleveland Clinic Foundation
    • Cleveland Clinic Abu Dhabi
    • Federal Teaching Hospital
    • Gomal University
    • Mufti Mehmood Memorial Teaching Hospital
    • Heart and Vascular Center
    • Department of Medical Mycology and Parasitology
    • Argentine Society of Medicine
    • Velez Sarsfield Hospital
    • Central Research Institute of Cytology and Genetics
    • UKK Institute
    • Raffles Hospital
    • National University of Singapore
    • Cornell University
    • S. Orsola-Malpighi Polyclinic
    • Higher School of Economics
    • Department of Environmental Health
    • Foundation University Medical College
    • Department of Global Health
    • Cancer Registry of Norway Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research
    • Murdoch Children's Research Institute
    • University of Pennsylvania
    • Independent Consultant
    • Demographic Change and Ageing Research Area
    • Department of Environmental Health Science
    • Department of Medicine
    • Competence Center Mortality-Follow-Up of the German National Cohort
    • Zdroje Hospital
    • Technical University of Munich
    • Institute of Health and Society
    • Kailuan General Hospital
    • St. John's National Academy of Health Sciences
    • Nanjing University
    • Milad General Hospital
    • Duke University
    • King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals
    • Division of Injury Prevention and Mental Health Improvement
    • Wolkite University
    • Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention
    • The University of Hong Kong
    • University of South Australia
    • School of Allied Health Sciences
    • Kyoto University
    • Université de Kinshasa
    • Jackson State University
    • Tsinghua University
    • Physiology Research Center
    • Wuhan University
    • Student Research Committee
    • Policy and Planning Directorate
    • Clinton Health Access Initiative, Inc.
    • Department of Medical Parasitology
    • Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University
    • University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston
    • Tel Aviv University
    • Ministry of Health, Israel

    Research output: Contribution to journalArticlepeer-review

    431 Citations (SciVal)
    Original languageEnglish
    Pages (from-to)2091-2138
    Number of pages48
    JournalThe Lancet
    Volume392
    Issue number10159
    DOIs
    Publication statusPublished (VoR) - 10 Nov 2018

    Funding

    Ettore Beghi reports personal fees from Market Access Provider and grants from the Italian Ministry of Health, UCB, ALS Association, Eisai, and Shire. Yannick Bejot reports grants and personal fees from AstraZeneca and Boehringer Ingelheim and personal fees from Daiichi-Sankyo, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Pfizer, Medtronic, Bayer, Novex pharma, and Merck. Adam Berman reports personal fees from Philips. Louisa Degenhardt reports grants from Indivior, Mundipharma, and Seqirus. Cyrus Cooper reports personal fees from Alliance for Better Bone Health, Amgen, Eli Lilly, GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), Medtronic, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Servier, Takeda, and UCB. Mir Sohail Fazeli reports personal fees from Doctor Evidence. Panniyammakal Jeemon reports a clinical and public health intermediate fellowship from the Wellcome Trust-DBT India Alliance (2015–20). Jacek Jóźwiak reports grants and personal fees from Valeant, personal fees from ALAB Laboratoria and Amgen, and non-financial support from Microlife and Servier. Nicholas Kassebaum reports personal fees and other support from Vifor Pharmaceuticals. Jeffrey Lazarus reports personal fees from Janssen and Cepheid and grants and personal fees from AbbVie, Gilead Sciences, and Merck. Stefan Lorkowski reports personal fees from Amgen, Berlin-Chemie, Merck, Novo Nordisk, Sanofi-Aventis, Synlab, and Unilever, and non-financial support from Preventicus. Walter Mendoza is currently a program analyst for population and development at the Peru Country Office of the UN Population Fund, which does not necessarily endorse this study. Ted Miller reports an evaluation contract from AB InBev Foundation. Constance Dimity Pond reports personal fees from Nutricia advisory board, acting as an unpaid consultant to the Wicking Dementia Research and Education Centre in Tasmania for development of general practitioner (GP) education on dementia (airfares and accommodation paid), payment for acting as a dementia clinical lead and dementia pathways adviser for the Sydney North Primary Health Network, and payment for acting as a GP educator for Presbyterian Aged Care. Maarten Postma reports grants from Mundipharma, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Arteg, and AscA; grants and personal fees from Sigma Tau, Merck, GSK, Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novavax, Ingress Health, AbbVie, and Sanofi; personal fees from Quintiles, Astellas, Mapi, OptumInsight, Novartis, Swedish Orphan, Innoval, Jansen, Intercept, and Pharmerit; and stock ownership in Ingress Health and Pharmacoeconomics Advice Groningen. Kazem Rahimi reports grants from National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Economic and Social Research Council, and Oxford Martin School. Miloje Savic is employed by GSK Biologicals. Kenji Shibuya reports grants from Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare and Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Mark Shrime reports grants from Mercy Ships and Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation. Jasvinder Singh reports consulting for Horizon, Fidia, UBM, Medscape, WebMD, National Institutes of Health, and the American College of Rheumatology; serving as the principal investigator for an investigator-initiated study funded by Horizon Pharma through a grant to Dinora (a 501C3 non-profit organisation); and being on the steering committee of Outcome Measures in Rheumatology, an international organisation that develops measures for clinical trials and receives arms-length funding from 36 pharmaceutical companies. Jeffrey Stanaway reports a grant from Merck. Cassandra Szoeke reports a grant from the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC), Lundbeck, Alzheimer's Association, and the Royal Australasian College of Practicioners; she holds patent PCT/AU2008/001556. Amanda Thrift reports grants NHMRC. Muthiah Vaduganathan receives research support from the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and serves as a consultant for Bayer and Baxter Healthcare. All other authors declare no competing interests. Research reported in this publication was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, the University of Melbourne, Public Health England, the Norwegian Institute of Public Health, St Jude Children's Research Hospital, the National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health (award P30AG047845) , and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health (award R01MH110163) . The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funders. We thank the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, done by the National Research University Higher School of Economics and ZAO Demoscope, together with Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, for making these data available. This analysis uses data or information from the Longitudinal Ageing Study in India (LASI). The development and release of the LASI pilot study was funded by the National Institute on Aging (R21AG032572, R03AG043052, and R01 AG030153) . Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) is an international study performed in collaboration with the WHO Regional Office for Europe. The international coordinator of the 1997–98, 2001–02, 2005–06, and 2009–10 surveys was Candace Currie and the databank managers were Bente Wold for the 1997–98 survey and Oddrun Samdal for the following surveys. A list of principal investigators in each country can be found on the HBCS website . The Health and Retirement Study is sponsored by the National Institute on Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740) and done by the University of Michigan. This research uses data from Add Health, a programme project designed by J Richard Udry, Peter S Bearman, and Kathleen Mullan Harris, and funded by grant P01-HD31921 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, with cooperative funding from 17 other agencies. Ronald R Rindfuss and Barbara Entwisle are acknowledged for their assistance in the original design of Add Health. People interested in obtaining data files from Add Health should contact Add Health, Carolina Population Center, Chapel Hill, NC, USA ( [email protected] ). No direct support was received from grant P01-HD31921 for this analysis. Researchers interested in using data from the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing can access the data for free from the Irish Social Science Data Archive at University College Dublin (http://www.ucd.ie/issda/data/tilda) and Interuniversity Consortium for Political and Social Research at the University of Michigan (http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/studies/34315). Data for this study was provided by MEASURE Evaluation, which is funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Views expressed do not necessarily reflect those of USAID, the US Government, or MEASURE Evaluation. This research used data from the National Health Survey 2003. We are grateful to the Ministry of Health of Chile, the copyright owner of the survey, for giving us access to the database. All results of the study are those of the authors and in no way committed to the Ministry. The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics granted the researchers of GBD 2017 access to relevant data in accordance with licence number SLN2014-3-170, after subjecting data to processing aiming to preserve the confidentiality of individual data in accordance with the General Statistics Law, 2000. The researchers are solely responsible for the conclusions and inferences drawn from data from the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. This paper uses data from SHARE waves 1, 2, 3 (SHARELIFE), 4, 5, and 6. Collection of data for that survey was primarily funded by the European Commission through framework programme (FP) 5 (QLK6-CT-2001-00360), FP6 (SHARE-I3: RII-CT-2006-062193; COMPARE: CIT5-CT-2005-028857; SHARELIFE: CIT4-CT-2006-028812), and FP7 (SHARE-PREP: number 211909; SHARE-LEAP: number 227822; SHARE M4: number 261982). Additional funding from the German Ministry of Education and Research, the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science, the US National Institute on Aging (U01_AG09740-13S2, P01_AG005842, P01_AG08291, P30_AG12815, R21_AG025169, Y1-AG-4553-01, IAG_BSR06-11, OGHA_04-064, HHSN271201300071C), and various national funding sources is gratefully acknowledged by SHARE. The Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study (CRELES) is a longitudinal study by the University of Costa Rica's Centro Centroamericano de Población and Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud, in collaboration with the University of California at Berkeley. The original pre-1945 cohort was funded by the Wellcome Trust (grant 072406), and the 1945–55 Retirement Cohort was funded by the US National Institute on Aging (grant R01AG031716). The principal investigators of CRELES are Luis Rosero-Bixby and William H Dow, and the co-principal investigators are Xinia Fernández and Gilbert Brenes. We used data from the 2009–10 Ghana Socioeconomic Panel Study Survey, which is a nationally representative survey of more than 5000 households in Ghana. The survey is a joint effort undertaken by the Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER) at the University of Ghana and the Economic Growth Center (EGC) at Yale University. It was funded by the EGC. ISSER and the EGC are not responsible for the estimations reported by the analysts. This study uses data from the WHO Study on global AGEing and adult health.

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