Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

TY - JOUR

T1 - Measuring universal health coverage based on an index of effective coverage of health services in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019

T2 - a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

AU - Lozano, Rafael

AU - Fullman, Nancy

AU - Mumford, John Everett

AU - Knight, Megan

AU - Barthelemy, Celine M.

AU - Abbafati, Cristiana

AU - Abbastabar, Hedayat

AU - Abd-Allah, Foad

AU - Abdollahi, Mohammad

AU - Abedi, Aidin

AU - Abolhassani, Hassan

AU - Abosetugn, Akine Eshete

AU - Abreu, Lucas Guimarães

AU - Abrigo, Michael R.M.

AU - Abu Haimed, Abdulaziz Khalid

AU - Abushouk, Abdelrahman I.

AU - Adabi, Maryam

AU - Adebayo, Oladimeji M.

AU - Adekanmbi, Victor

AU - Adelson, Jaimie

AU - Adetokunboh, Olatunji O.

AU - Adham, Davoud

AU - Advani, Shailesh M.

AU - Afshin, Ashkan

AU - Agarwal, Gina

AU - Agasthi, Pradyumna

AU - Aghamir, Seyed Mohammad Kazem

AU - Agrawal, Anurag

AU - Ahmad, Tauseef

AU - Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola

AU - Alahdab, Fares

AU - Al-Aly, Ziyad

AU - Alam, Khurshid

AU - Albertson, Samuel B.

AU - Alemu, Yihun Mulugeta

AU - Alhassan, Robert Kaba

AU - Ali, Muhammad

AU - Ali, Saqib

AU - Alipour, Vahid

AU - Aljunid, Syed Mohamed

AU - Alla, François

AU - Almadi, Majid Abdulrahman Hamad

AU - Almasi, Ali

AU - Almasi-Hashiani, Amir

AU - Almasri, Nihad A.

AU - Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M.

AU - Almulhim, Abdulaziz M.

AU - Alonso, Jordi

AU - Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M.

AU - Altirkawi, Khalid A.

AU - Alvis-Guzman, Nelson

AU - Alvis-Zakzuk, Nelson J.

AU - Amini, Saeed

AU - Amini-Rarani, Mostafa

AU - Amiri, Fatemeh

AU - Amit, Arianna Maever L.

AU - Amugsi, Dickson A.

AU - Ancuceanu, Robert

AU - Anderlini, Deanna

AU - Andrei, Catalina Liliana

AU - Androudi, Sofia

AU - Ansari, Fereshteh

AU - Ansari-Moghaddam, Alireza

AU - Antonio, Carl Abelardo T.

AU - Antony, Catherine M.

AU - Antriyandarti, Ernoiz

AU - Anvari, Davood

AU - Anwer, Razique

AU - Arabloo, Jalal

AU - Arab-Zozani, Morteza

AU - Aravkin, Aleksandr Y.

AU - Aremu, Olatunde

AU - Ärnlöv, Johan

AU - Asaad, Malke

AU - Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran

AU - Asadi-Pooya, Ali A.

AU - Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin

AU - Atout, Maha Moh d.Wahbi

AU - Ausloos, Marcel

AU - Avila-Burgos, Leticia

AU - Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina

AU - Ayano, Getinet

AU - Ayanore, Martin Amogre

AU - Aynalem, Yared Asmare

AU - Aynalem, Getie Lake

AU - Ayza, Muluken Altaye

AU - Azari, Samad

AU - Azzopardi, Peter S.

AU - B, Darshan B.

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AU - Banach, Maciej

AU - Banerjee, Srikanta K.

AU - Banik, Palash Chandra

AU - Bante, Agegnehu Bante

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AU - Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn

AU - Bärnighausen, Till Winfried

AU - Barrero, Lope H.

AU - Bassat, Quique

AU - Basu, Sanjay

AU - Baune, Bernhard T.

AU - Bayati, Mohsen

AU - Baye, Bayisa Abdissa

AU - Bedi, Neeraj

AU - Beghi, Ettore

AU - Behzadifar, Masoud

AU - Bekuma, Tariku Tesfaye Tesfaye

AU - Bell, Michelle L.

AU - Bensenor, Isabela M.

AU - Berman, Adam E.

AU - Bernabe, Eduardo

AU - Bernstein, Robert S.

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AU - Bhandari, Dinesh

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AU - Bhat, Anusha Ganapati

AU - Bhattacharyya, Krittika

AU - Bhattarai, Suraj

AU - Bhutta, Zulfiqar A.

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AU - Birihane, Binyam Minuye

AU - Bockarie, Moses John

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AU - Boloor, Archith

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AU - Braithwaite, Dejana

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AU - Cámera, Luis Alberto

AU - Cárdenas, Rosario

AU - Carreras, Giulia

AU - Carrero, Juan J.

AU - Carvalho, Felix

AU - Castaldelli-Maia, Joao Mauricio

AU - Castañeda-Orjuela, Carlos A.

AU - Castelpietra, Giulio

AU - Castro, Franz

AU - Catalá-López, Ferrán

AU - Cederroth, Christopher R.

AU - Cerin, Ester

AU - Chandan, Joht Singh

AU - Chang, Angela Y.

AU - Charan, Jaykaran

AU - Chattu, Vijay Kumar

AU - Chaturvedi, Sarika

AU - Chin, Ken Lee

AU - Cho, Daniel Youngwhan

AU - Choi, Jee Young Jasmine

AU - Christensen, Hanne

AU - Chu, Dinh Toi

AU - Chung, Michael T.

AU - Ciobanu, Liliana G.

AU - Cirillo, Massimo

AU - Compton, Kelly

AU - Cortesi, Paolo Angelo

AU - Costa, Vera Marisa

AU - Cousin, Ewerton

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AU - Damiani, Giovanni

AU - Dandona, Lalit

AU - Dandona, Rakhi

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AU - Darwesh, Aso Mohammad

AU - Daryani, Ahmad

AU - Dash, Aditya Prasad

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AU - Dávila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto

AU - Davletov, Kairat

AU - De Neve, Jan Walter

AU - Denova-Gutiérrez, Edgar

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AU - Dippenaar, Ilse N.

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AU - Eskandarieh, Sharareh

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AU - Farahmand, Mohammad

AU - Faraon, Emerito Jose A.

AU - Farinha, Carla Sofia e.Sá

AU - Farioli, Andrea

AU - Faris, Pawan Sirwan

AU - Faro, Andre

AU - Fazlzadeh, Mehdi

AU - Feigin, Valery L.

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AU - Fukumoto, Takeshi

AU - Furtado, João M.

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AU - Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji

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AU - Galles, Natalie C.

AU - Gallus, Silvano

AU - Gardner, William M.

AU - Geberemariyam, Biniyam Sahiledengle

AU - Gebrehiwot, Abiyu Mekonnen

AU - Gebremeskel, Leake G.

AU - Gebremeskel, Gebreamlak Gebremedhn

AU - Gesesew, Hailay Abrha

AU - Ghadiri, Keyghobad

AU - Ghafourifard, Mansour

AU - Ghashghaee, Ahmad

AU - Ghith, Nermin

AU - Gholamian, Asadollah

AU - Gilani, Syed Amir

AU - Gill, Paramjit Singh

AU - Gill, Tiffany K.

AU - Ginindza, Themba G.

AU - Gitimoghaddam, Mojgan

AU - Giussani, Giorgia

AU - Glagn, Mustefa

AU - Gnedovskaya, Elena V.

AU - Godinho, Myron Anthony

AU - Goharinezhad, Salime

AU - Gopalani, Sameer Vali

AU - Goudarzian, Amir Hossein

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AU - Gubari, Mohammed Ibrahim Mohialdeen

AU - Guimarães, Rafael Alves

AU - Guled, Rashid Abdi

AU - Gultie, Teklemariam

AU - Guo, Yuming

AU - Gupta, Rahul

AU - Hafezi-Nejad, Nima

AU - Hafiz, Abdul

AU - Haile, Teklehaimanot Gereziher

AU - Hamadeh, Randah R.

AU - Hameed, Sajid

AU - Hamidi, Samer

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AU - Hankey, Graeme J.

AU - Haro, Josep Maria

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AU - Hasan, Md Mehedi

AU - Hashi, Abdiwahab

AU - Hassan, Shoaib

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AU - Hassanipour, Soheil

AU - Hassankhani, Hadi

AU - Havmoeller, Rasmus J.

AU - Hay, Simon I.

AU - Hayat, Khezar

AU - Heidari, Golnaz

AU - Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza

AU - Hendrie, Delia

AU - Herteliu, Claudiu

AU - Hird, Thomas R.

AU - Ho, Hung Chak

AU - Hole, Michael K.

AU - Holla, Ramesh

AU - Hoogar, Praveen

AU - Hopf, Kathleen Pillsbury

AU - Horita, Nobuyuki

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AU - Hosseini, Mostafa

AU - Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi

AU - Hostiuc, Mihaela

AU - Hostiuc, Sorin

AU - Househ, Mowafa

AU - Hsieh, Vivian Chia rong

AU - Hu, Guoqing

AU - Huda, Tanvir M.

AU - Humayun, Ayesha

AU - Hwang, Bing Fang

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AU - Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel

AU - Ikeda, Nayu

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AU - Ilic, Milena D.

AU - Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja

AU - Iqbal, Usman

AU - Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi

AU - Irvine, Caleb Mackay Salpeter

AU - Islam, M. Mofizul

AU - Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful

AU - Islami, Farhad

AU - Iso, Hiroyasu

AU - Iwu, Chinwe Juliana

AU - Jaafari, Jalil

AU - Jadidi-Niaragh, Farhad

AU - Jafarinia, Morteza

AU - Jahagirdar, Deepa

AU - Jahani, Mohammad Ali

AU - Jahanmehr, Nader

AU - Jakovljevic, Mihajlo

AU - Janjani, Hosna

AU - Javaheri, Tahereh

AU - Jayatilleke, Achala Upendra

AU - Jenabi, Ensiyeh

AU - Jha, Ravi Prakash

AU - Jha, Vivekanand

AU - Ji, John S.

AU - Jia, Peng

AU - John-Akinola, Yetunde O.

AU - Jonas, Jost B.

AU - Joukar, Farahnaz

AU - Jozwiak, Jacek Jerzy

AU - Jürisson, Mikk

AU - Kabir, Zubair

AU - Kalankesh, Leila R.

AU - Kalhor, Rohollah

AU - Kamath, Aruna M.

AU - Kanchan, Tanuj

AU - Kapoor, Neeti

AU - Karami Matin, Behzad

AU - Karanikolos, Marina

AU - Karimi, Seyed M.

AU - Kassebaum, Nicholas J.

AU - Katikireddi, Srinivasa Vittal

AU - Kayode, Gbenga A.

AU - Keiyoro, Peter Njenga

AU - Khader, Yousef Saleh

AU - Khammarnia, Mohammad

AU - Khan, Maseer

AU - Khan, Ejaz Ahmad

AU - Khang, Young Ho

AU - Khatab, Khaled

AU - Khater, Amir M.

AU - Khater, Mona M.

AU - Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli

AU - Khayamzadeh, Maryam

AU - Khubchandani, Jagdish

AU - Kianipour, Neda

AU - Kim, Yun Jin

AU - Kimokoti, Ruth W.

AU - Kinfu, Yohannes

AU - Kisa, Adnan

AU - Kissimova-Skarbek, Katarzyna

AU - Kivimäki, Mika

AU - Kneib, Cameron J.

AU - Kocarnik, Jonathan M.

AU - Kochhar, Sonali

AU - Kohler, Stefan

AU - Kopec, Jacek A.

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AU - Korshunov, Vladimir Andreevich

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AU - Koul, Parvaiz A.

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AU - Kumar, Nithin

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AU - Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe

AU - La Vecchia, Carlo

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AU - Larsson, Anders O.

AU - Lasrado, Savita

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AU - Mathur, Manu Raj

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AU - Medina-Solís, Carlo Eduardo

AU - Meharie, Birhanu Geta

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AU - Mehri, Fereshteh

AU - Mehrotra, Ravi

AU - Mekonnen, Teferi

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AU - Mohammad, Yousef

AU - Mohammad, Dara K.

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AU - Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah

AU - Mohammed, Shafiu

AU - Mohammed, Jemal Abdu

AU - Mokdad, Ali H.

AU - Monasta, Lorenzo

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AU - Moradi, Masoud

AU - Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar

AU - Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah

AU - Moraga, Paula

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AU - Naghavi, Mohsen

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AU - Nangia, Vinay

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AU - Olusanya, Jacob Olusegun

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AU - Shannawaz, Mohammed

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AU - Sharara, Fablina

AU - Sharifi, Hamid

AU - Shaw, David H.

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AU - Sheikhtaheri, Abbas

AU - Shetty, B. Suresh Kumar

AU - Shibuya, Kenji

AU - Shiferaw, Wondimeneh Shibabaw

AU - Shigematsu, Mika

AU - Shin, Jae Il

AU - Shiri, Rahman

AU - Shirkoohi, Reza

AU - Shivakumar, K. M.

AU - Shrime, Mark G.

AU - Shuval, Kerem

AU - Siabani, Soraya

AU - Sierpinski, Radoslaw

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AU - Sigurvinsdottir, Rannveig

AU - Silva, Diego Augusto Santos

AU - Silva, João Pedro

AU - Simonetti, Biagio

AU - Simpson, Kyle E.

AU - Singh, Jasvinder A.

AU - Singh, Pushpendra

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AU - Smith, Emma U.R.

AU - Soheili, Amin

AU - Soltani, Shahin

AU - Soofi, Moslem

AU - Sorensen, Reed J.D.

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AU - Sorrie, Muluken Bekele

AU - Soyiri, Ireneous N.

AU - Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth

AU - Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T.

AU - Stanaway, Jeffrey D.

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AU - Stein, Caroline

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AU - Sultan, Iyad

AU - Szumowski, Łukasz

AU - Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael

AU - Tabuchi, Takahiro

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AU - Taherkhani, Amir

AU - Tamiru, Animut Tagele

AU - Tanser, Frank C.

AU - Tareque, Md Ismail

AU - Tarigan, Ingan Ukur

AU - Teagle, Whitney L.

AU - Tediosi, Fabrizio

AU - Tefera, Yonas Getaye Getaye

AU - Tela, Freweini Gebrearegay

AU - Tessema, Zemenu Tadesse

AU - Thakur, Bhaskar

AU - Titova, Mariya Vladimirovna

AU - Tonelli, Marcello

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AU - Topouzis, Fotis

AU - Tovani-Palone, Marcos Roberto Roberto

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AU - Troeger, Christopher E.

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AU - Ullah, Irfan

AU - Umeokonkwo, Chukwuma David

AU - Unnikrishnan, Bhaskaran

AU - Upadhyay, Era

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AU - Zodpey, Sanjay

AU - Murray, Christopher J.L.

N1 - Funding Information: Lucas Guimar?es Abreu acknowledges support from Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - Brasil (Capes) - Finance Code 001, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico (CNPq) and Funda??o de Amparo ? Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG). Olatunji O Adetokunboh acknowledges South African Department of Science & Innovation, and National Research Foundation. Anurag Agrawal acknowledges support from the Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance Senior Fellowship IA/CPHS/14/1/501489. Rufus Olusola Akinyemi acknowledges Grant U01HG010273 from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) as part of the H3Africa Consortium. Rufus Olusola Akinyemi is further supported by the FLAIR fellowship funded by the UK Royal Society and the African Academy of Sciences. Syed Mohamed Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. Marcel Ausloos, Claudiu Herteliu, and Adrian Pana acknowledge partial support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. Till Winfried B?rnighausen acknowledges support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Juan J Carrero was supported by the Swedish Research Council (2019-01059). Felix Carvalho acknowledges UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 support with funding from FCT/MCTES through national funds. Vera Marisa Costa acknowledges support from grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Funda??o para a Ci?ncia e a Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma Transit?3ria DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. Jan-Walter De Neve acknowledges support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Kebede Deribe acknowledges support by Wellcome Trust grant number 201900/Z/16/Z as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship. Claudiu Herteliu acknowledges partial support by a grant co-funded by European Fund for Regional Development through Operational Program for Competitiveness, Project ID P_40_382. Praveen Hoogar acknowledges the Centre for Bio Cultural Studies (CBiCS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education(MAHE), Manipal and Centre for Holistic Development and Research (CHDR), Kalghatgi. Bing-Fang Hwang acknowledges support from China Medical University (CMU108-MF-95), Taichung, Taiwan. Mihajlo Jakovljevic acknowledges the Serbian part of this GBD contribution was co-funded through the Grant OI175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. Aruna M Kamath acknowledges funding from the National Institutes of Health T32 grant (T32GM086270). Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi acknowledges funding from the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12017/13 & MC_UU_12017/15), Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU13 & SPHSU15) and an NRS Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02). Yun Jin Kim acknowledges support from the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia (XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/0001). Kewal Krishan acknowledges support from the DST PURSE grant and UGC Center of Advanced Study (CAS II) awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. Manasi Kumar acknowledges support from K43 TW010716 Fogarty International Center/NIMH. Ben Lacey acknowledges support from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford. Iv?n Landires is a member of the Sistema Nacional de Investigaci?3n (SNI), which is supported by the Secretar?a Nacional de Ciencia Tecnolog?a e Innovaci?n (SENACYT), Panam?. Jeffrey V Lazarus acknowledges support by a Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities Miguel Servet grant (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ESF, European Union [CP18/00074]). Peter T N Memiah acknowledges CODESRIA; HISTP. Subas Neupane acknowledges partial support from the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital. Shuhei Nomura acknowledges support from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (18K10082). Alberto Ortiz acknowledges support by ISCIII PI19/00815, DTS18/00032, ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0009 Fondos FEDER, FRIAT, Comunidad de Madrid B2017/BMD-3686 CIFRA2-CM. These funding sources had no role in the writing of the manuscript or the decision to submit it for publication. George C Patton acknowledges support from a National Health & Medical Research Council Fellowship. Marina Pinheiro acknowledges support from FCT for funding through program DL 57/2016 - Norma transit?3ria. Alberto Raggi, David Sattin, and Silvia Schiavolin acknowledge support by a grant from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C Besta, Linea 4 - Outcome Research: dagli Indicatori alle Raccomandazioni Cliniche). Daniel Cury Ribeiro acknowledges support from the Sir Charles Hercus Health Research Fellowship - Health Research Council of New Zealand (18/111). Perminder S Sachdev acknowledges funding from the NHMRC Australia. Abdallah M Samy acknowledges support from a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. Milena M Santric-Milicevic acknowledges support from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (Contract No. 175087). Rodrigo Sarmiento-Su?rez acknowledges institutional support from University of Applied and Environmental Sciences in Bogota, Colombia, and Carlos III Institute of Health in Madrid, Spain. Maria In?s Schmidt acknowledges grants from the Foundation for the Support of Research of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (IATS and PrInt) and the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam acknowledges a fellowship from the National Heart Foundation of Australia and Deakin University. Aziz Sheikh acknowledges support from Health Data Research UK. Kenji Shibuya acknowledges Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Joan B Soriano acknowledges support by Centro de Investigaci?n en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain. Rafael Tabar?s-Seisdedos acknowledges partial support from grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII-FEDER. Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla acknowledges support from the National Health and Medical Research Council Early Career Fellowship, Australia. Marcello Tonelli acknowledges the David Freeze Chair in Health Services Research at the University of Calgary, AB, Canada. Editorial note: the Lancet Group takes a neutral position with respect to territorial claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Funding Information: Ali Almasi reports a patent null pending. Robert Ancuceanu reports receiving consultancy and speakers' fees from various pharmaceutical companies. Ettore Beghi reports grants from the Italian Ministry of Health, grants from SOBI, and personal fees from Arvelle Therapeutics, outside the submitted work. Hanne Christensen reports personal fees from Bristol-Myers Squibb, Bayer, Boehringer-Ingelheim, outside the submitted work. Vivekanand Jha reports grants from GlaxoSmithKline, grants from Baxter Healthcare, personal fees from NephroPlus, grants from Biocon, grants from Zydus Cadilla, outside the submitted work. Jacek Jerzy Jozwiak reports personal fees from Amgen, Alab, Teva, Synexus, and Boehringer Ingelheim, outside the submitted work. Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi reports support from the Medical Research Council and from the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office, during the conduct of the study. Walter Mendoza is Program Analyst in Population and Development at the United Nations Population Fund-UNFPA Country Office in Peru, an institution which does not necessarily endorse this study. Jonathan F Mosser reports grants from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, during the conduct of the study. Shuhei Nomura reports grants from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan. Thomas Pilgrim reports grants and personal fees from Biotronik and Boston Scientific, grants from Edwards Lifesciences, and personal fees from HighLife SAS for his work as a member of clinical event committee for a study sponsored by HighLife Sas, outside the submitted work. Maarten J Postma reports grants and personal fees from MSD, GlaxoSmithKline, Pfizer, Boehringer Ingelheim, Novavax, Bristol-Myers Squibb, AstraZeneca, Sanofi, IQVIA, and Seqirus; personal fees from Quintiles, Novartis, and Pharmerit; 2% of stocks from Ingress Health, 100% of stocks from PAG, being an advisor to Asc Academics; and grants from Bayer, BioMerieux, WHO, the EU, FIND, Antilope, DIKTI, LPDP, and Budi, outside the submitted work. Elisabetta Pupillo reports grants from AIFA, outside the submitted work. Miloje Savic is an employee of GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals, Wavre, Belgium, and holds GlaxoSmithKline restricted shares. Aletta Elisabeth Schutte reports personal fees from Omron Healthcare, Servier, Novartis, Takeda, and Abbott, outside the submitted work. Mark G Shrime reports grants from Mercy Ships and Damon Runyon Cancer Research Foundation, outside the submitted work. Jasvinder A Singh reports personal fees from Crealta/Horizon, Medisys, Fidia, UBM LLC, Trio health, Medscape, WebMD, Clinical Care options, Clearview healthcare partners, Putnam associates, Spherix, Practice Point communications, the National Institutes of Health and the American College of Rheumatology; personal fees from Simply Speaking, holding stock in Amarin pharmaceuticals and Viking pharmaceuticals, non-financial support from the FDA Arthritis Advisory Committee, non-financial support from Steering committee of OMERACT, an international organization that develops measures for clinical trials and receives arm's length funding from 12 pharmaceutical companies, non-financial support from the Veterans Affairs Rheumatology Field Advisory Committee, and non-financial support from the Editor and the Director of the UAB Cochrane Musculoskeletal Group Satellite Center on Network Meta-analysis, outside the submitted work. Jeffrey D Stanaway reports grants from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, during the conduct of the study. Fotis Topouzis reports grants from Pfizer, Thea, Rheon, Pharmaten, Bayer, and Bausch & Lomb; and grants and personal fees from Novartis and Omikron, outside the submitted work. Riaz Uddin worked as a visiting fellow at Deakin University Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition (IPAN), which paid for his travel (including flights and transport), accommodation, and meals from Deakin University, outside the submitted work. Funding Information: Lucas Guimarães Abreu acknowledges support from Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (Capes) - Finance Code 001, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) and Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG). Olatunji O Adetokunboh acknowledges South African Department of Science & Innovation, and National Research Foundation. Anurag Agrawal acknowledges support from the Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance Senior Fellowship IA/CPHS/14/1/501489. Rufus Olusola Akinyemi acknowledges Grant U01HG010273 from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) as part of the H3Africa Consortium. Rufus Olusola Akinyemi is further supported by the FLAIR fellowship funded by the UK Royal Society and the African Academy of Sciences. Syed Mohamed Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. Marcel Ausloos, Claudiu Herteliu, and Adrian Pana acknowledge partial support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. Till Winfried Bärnighausen acknowledges support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation through the Alexander von Humboldt Professor award, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. Juan J Carrero was supported by the Swedish Research Council (2019-01059). Felix Carvalho acknowledges UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 support with funding from FCT/MCTES through national funds. Vera Marisa Costa acknowledges support from grant (SFRH/BHD/110001/2015), received by Portuguese national funds through Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), IP, under the Norma TransitĀ 3 ria DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. Jan-Walter De Neve acknowledges support from the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. Kebede Deribe acknowledges support by Wellcome Trust grant number 201900/Z/16/Z as part of his International Intermediate Fellowship. Claudiu Herteliu acknowledges partial support by a grant co-funded by European Fund for Regional Development through Operational Program for Competitiveness, Project ID P_40_382. Praveen Hoogar acknowledges the Centre for Bio Cultural Studies (CBiCS), Manipal Academy of Higher Education(MAHE), Manipal and Centre for Holistic Development and Research (CHDR), Kalghatgi. Bing-Fang Hwang acknowledges support from China Medical University (CMU108-MF-95), Taichung, Taiwan. Mihajlo Jakovljevic acknowledges the Serbian part of this GBD contribution was co-funded through the Grant OI175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. Aruna M Kamath acknowledges funding from the National Institutes of Health T32 grant (T32GM086270). Srinivasa Vittal Katikireddi acknowledges funding from the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12017/13 & MC_UU_12017/15), Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU13 & SPHSU15) and an NRS Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02). Yun Jin Kim acknowledges support from the Research Management Centre, Xiamen University Malaysia (XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/0001). Kewal Krishan acknowledges support from the DST PURSE grant and UGC Center of Advanced Study (CAS II) awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. Manasi Kumar acknowledges support from K43 TW010716 Fogarty International Center/NIMH. Ben Lacey acknowledges support from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford. Iván Landires is a member of the Sistema Nacional de InvestigaciĀ 3 n (SNI), which is supported by the Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia Tecnología e Innovación (SENACYT), Panamá. Jeffrey V Lazarus acknowledges support by a Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities Miguel Servet grant (Instituto de Salud Carlos III/ESF, European Union [CP18/00074]). Peter T N Memiah acknowledges CODESRIA; HISTP. Subas Neupane acknowledges partial support from the Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Tampere University Hospital. Shuhei Nomura acknowledges support from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (18K10082). Alberto Ortiz acknowledges support by ISCIII PI19/00815, DTS18/00032, ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0009 Fondos FEDER, FRIAT, Comunidad de Madrid B2017/BMD-3686 CIFRA2-CM. These funding sources had no role in the writing of the manuscript or the decision to submit it for publication. George C Patton acknowledges support from a National Health & Medical Research Council Fellowship. Marina Pinheiro acknowledges support from FCT for funding through program DL 57/2016 - Norma transitĀ 3 ria. Alberto Raggi, David Sattin, and Silvia Schiavolin acknowledge support by a grant from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C Besta, Linea 4 - Outcome Research: dagli Indicatori alle Raccomandazioni Cliniche). Daniel Cury Ribeiro acknowledges support from the Sir Charles Hercus Health Research Fellowship - Health Research Council of New Zealand (18/111). Perminder S Sachdev acknowledges funding from the NHMRC Australia. Abdallah M Samy acknowledges support from a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. Milena M Santric-Milicevic acknowledges support from the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (Contract No. 175087). Rodrigo Sarmiento-Suárez acknowledges institutional support from University of Applied and Environmental Sciences in Bogota, Colombia, and Carlos III Institute of Health in Madrid, Spain. Maria Inês Schmidt acknowledges grants from the Foundation for the Support of Research of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (IATS and PrInt) and the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Sheikh Mohammed Shariful Islam acknowledges a fellowship from the National Heart Foundation of Australia and Deakin University. Aziz Sheikh acknowledges support from Health Data Research UK. Kenji Shibuya acknowledges Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology. Joan B Soriano acknowledges support by Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid, Spain. Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos acknowledges partial support from grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII-FEDER. Santosh Kumar Tadakamadla acknowledges support from the National Health and Medical Research Council Early Career Fellowship, Australia. Marcello Tonelli acknowledges the David Freeze Chair in Health Services Research at the University of Calgary, AB, Canada. Publisher Copyright: © 2020 Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license

PY - 2020/10/17

Y1 - 2020/10/17

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85090485900&partnerID=8YFLogxK

UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/citedby.url?scp=85090485900&partnerID=8YFLogxK

U2 - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30750-9

DO - 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30750-9

M3 - Article

C2 - 32861314

AN - SCOPUS:85090485900

SN - 0140-6736

VL - 396

SP - 1250

EP - 1284

JO - The Lancet

JF - The Lancet

IS - 10258

ER -