@article{777b49820d3046359445d569d98a77a6,
title = "Precision Medicine Informatics: Principles, Prospects, and Challenges",
keywords = "artificial intelligence, big data, bioinformatics, clinical decision support, deep learning, informatics, machine learning, Precision medicine, the Internet of Things",
author = "Muhammad Afzal and {Riazul Islam}, {S. M.} and Maqbool Hussain and Sungyoung Lee",
note = "Funding Information: The European Union (EU) is putting forward numerous efforts to promote precision medicine in the European region. As the world{\textquoteright}s biggest public-private partnership between the EU and the European pharmaceutical industry, the Innovative Medicine Initiative (IMI) facilitates collaborations between the stakeholders and provides grants and other financial support to major research projects [143]. The IMI in phase 2, which is the IMI 2 program (2014-2020), will get a total budget of e3.276 billion, which e1 billion came from the Health theme of the EU{\textquoteright}s Seventh Framework Program for Research (FP7) and e1 billion came from in-kind contributions from EFPIA companies [144]. According to a report by ZION, the European precision medicine market is expected to reach approximately USD 72,800 Million by 2022 [145]. Under EU{\textquoteright}s Horizon 2020 Program, Barcelona has started the European three-dimensional (3D) genomics project Multi-scale complex genomics with a goal to standardize experiments in 3D genomics and relevant activities, such as the storage of data. The project is allocated a budget of e3 million and will be conducted over three years [146]. The EU funded project PerMed, which is where representatives from EU Member States in conjunction with other associated countries and stakeholders, have developed a European strategy framework for personalized medicine [6]. PerMed [147] is the coordination and support action (CSA) of 27 partners that include European key stakeholders and decision makers to allow synergies, avoid duplication, and ensure maximum transparency for preparing Europe to lead the global way [148]. The International Consortium for Personalized Medicine (ICPerMed) is a voluntary EU Member states-led collaboration that brings together over 30 European and international partners to work on coordinating and fostering research to develop and evaluate personalized medicine [6], [149]. Funding Information: This work was supported in part by the Ministry of Science and ICT (MSIT), South Korea, through the Information Technology Research Center (ITRC) Support Program under Grant IITP-2017-0-01629, and in part by the Institute for Information & Communications Technology Promotion (IITP), through the Korea Government (MSIT) under Grant 2017-0-00655 and Grant NRF-2019R1A2C2090504. Funding Information: Australia is perhaps the world{\textquoteright}s first country to have a center specializing in precision medicine for infants and your children. It is funded at Murdoch University and has received $473,000 in funding from the WA Department of Health [150]. Precision medicine has the potential to transform Australia{\textquoteright}s health care system, which was described in a report released by the Australian Council of Learning Academies (ACOLA) [151]. ACOLA has started a project on precision medicine with a goal to explore the current trends in precision medicine technologies and to broaden the implementation in the Australian context. In the ACOLA detailed report, there are 12 potential areas that are highlighted where precision medicine is likely to show significant impact in the next five to ten years [152]. Australian Genomics is a national network of clinicians, researchers, and diagnostic geneticists, and it is made up of more than 70 partners organizations with a vision to integrate genomic medicine into healthcare across Australia [153]. The National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) awarded a $25 million grant in 2015 to Australian Genomics for a targeted call for research into preparing Australia for the genomics revolution in healthcare. Publisher Copyright: {\textcopyright} 2013 IEEE.",
year = "2020",
doi = "10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2965955",
language = "English",
volume = "8",
pages = "13593--13612",
journal = "IEEE Access",
issn = "2169-3536",
publisher = "IEEE",
}