Two-stage microgrid resilience and battery life-aware planning and operation for cyclone prone areas in India

Microgrid (MG) resilience is crucial for modern power systems, due to the rising threats from High-Impact Low-Probability (HILP) events, such as natural disasters and cyberattacks. Effective management of microgrid resiliency has become a critical research area, yet operational resiliency studies often overlook microgrid sizing or rely on generic designs rather than actual resource and load data, and rarely incorporate real extreme weather events for performance validation. This paper proposes a two-stage approach for optimal design and resilient operation of the microgrid system. In the first stage, the microgrid’s photovoltaic (PV) arrays, wind turbines (WT), converters, and battery units are sized using HOMER Pro for a coastal village near Ongole, India, based on realistic solar and wind data. In the second stage, a model predictive control-based Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) model with load shifting demand response optimizes real-time operation. An expected resiliency index enables smart control by dynamically adjusting objective function weights and battery state of charge limits, while a novel battery life cycle–depth of discharge formulation enhances battery life expectation. Resiliency is assessed using historical solar and wind data from Cyclone Laila. Simulation results indicate that a 140-kW PV, 80-kW WT, 52-kW converter, and 780 kWh lithium-ion battery system can meet the village’s load demand in both grid-connected and islanded modes during the HILP event. In grid-connected mode, excess energy sales reduce the Cost of Energy to $0.163/kWh, compared to $0.237/kWh in islanded mode. Under resilient operation with demand response, the system delivers an expected battery life of 15.5 years and approaches a resiliency index of close to 1.0. Grid connection doubles battery life while ensuring full load supply during HILP events. Even with reduced planned battery capacity scenarios, the proposed control maintains robust resiliency. These findings indicate that the proposed two-stage framework provides a scalable and sustainable strategy for enhancing MG resilience and battery longevity in regions prone to extreme weather events.